Fysieke inspanning in de vorm van aerobe training heeft niet alleen een gunstige invloed op fysieke uitkomstmaten als het maximale zuurstofopname,¹⁰⁷⁴ maar heeft ook een positief effect ook op het cognitief functioneren^1075-1078 en resulteert in veranderingen in zowel de structuur als de functie van het brein.^{1077,1079,1080} Deze cerebrale veranderingen vinden met name plaats in het limbische systeem, dat niet alleen betrokken is bij affectieve functies, maar ook het leren en geheugen medieert.¹⁰⁸¹ Binnen het limbische system speelt de hippocampus een belangrijke rol in het declaratieve geheugen waar nieuwe, op feiten of gebeurtenissen berustte herinneringen worden opgeslagen.¹⁰⁸² Daarnaast wordt aangenomen dat de hippocampus betrokken is bij het ophalen van recent opgeslagen herinneringen en bij (ruimtelijke) oriëntatie.

Naar aanleiding van (dierexperimenteel) onderzoek wordt verondersteld dat een aantal mechanismen ten grondslag ligt aan de relatie tussen het gedurende langere tijd deelnemen aan aerobe training en het cognitief functioneren. Het gaat om:

• veranderingen in de bloedcirculatie¹⁰⁸³ door angiogenese waarin de groeifactoren vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) en insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) een rol spelen,^1084-1086 
• synthese van brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in de hippocampus^{1084,1085,1087} dat betrokken is bij overleving en aanmaak van neuronen (neurogenese), het versterken van interacties tussen synapsen en het formeren van het langetermijngeheugen¹⁰⁸⁸, en
• verandering in de regulatie van neurotransmitters zoals een toename in dopamine en acetylcholine afgifte.^1089,1090

Wetenschappelijke verantwoording

Hoeveelheid gevonden studies

Er werd één RCT gevonden naar het effect van training van het aerobe uithoudingsvermogen op het cognitief functioneren van patiënten met en CVA.⁶⁹⁸

Karakteristieken van de geïncludeerde studies

Uit de enige RCT (n = 38) die werd geïdentificeerd bleek dat patiënten in de chronische fase die progressieve fietsergometertraining op 70% van de maximale hartslag, drie keer per week 45 minuten gedurende acht weken ontvingen, significant beter scoorden op:

• een test waarbij zowel aandacht als motorisch leren (Predictive Grip Force Modulation) en
• een test voor impliciet leren (serial reaction time task) in vergelijking met patiënten die dezelfde hoeveelheid tijd besteedden aan het uitvoeren van rekoefeningen.⁶⁹⁸

Er werd geen effect gevonden op uitkomstmaten als persevereren en abstract denken (Wisconsin Card Sorting Task), selectieve aandacht (Stroop test), verdeelde aandacht (Trail-Making Task) en impliciet leren (Serial Reaction Timed Task).

Methodologische kwaliteit van de geïncludeerde studie

De methodologische kwaliteit van de RCT bedroeg vijf punten op de PEDro-lijst.⁶⁹⁸

Effecten van de interventie

Bij gezonde ouderen blijkt dat gesuperviseerde aerobe training, zoals wandelen met een stevig tempo of joggen, gedurende minimaal zes weken kleine effecten heeft op de aandacht en snelheid van informatieverwerking, executief functioneren en geheugen in vergelijking met ouderen die niet in aerobe training participeren.^{1075,1077,1078} Ook ouderen met cognitieve stoornissen en dementie hebben baat bij een fysiek trainingsprogramma.¹⁰⁹¹ Er zijn zelfs aanwijzingen dat verbeteringen van het geheugen na een periode van aerobe training groter zijn bij personen met lichte cognitieve problemen in vergelijking met personen die geen cognitieve beperkingen hebben.¹⁰⁷⁸ De gevonden relatie tussen de mate van fysieke activiteit en verbetering van cognitieve functies lijkt dosis afhankelijk te zijn.¹⁰⁷⁸

Er zijn geen redenen om aan te nemen dat bovengenoemde effecten van fysieke training bij ouderen met en zonder cognitieve stoornissen niet te generaliseren zijn naar patiënten met een CVA in de voorgeschiedenis.

• 1. Hatano S. Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(5):541-53.

  2. Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de gezondheidszorg CBO/Nederlandse Vereniging voor Neurologie NVN. Richtlijn Diagnostiek, behandeling en zorg voor patiÎnten met een beroerte. Utrecht: CBO/NVN; 2009.

  3. Kennisnetwerk CVA Nederland. Zorgstandaard CVA/TIA. Maastricht: Kennisnetwerk CVA Nederland; 2012.

  4. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). Gezondheid en zorg in cijfers. Den Haag/Heerlen: CBS; 2011.

  5. Vaartjes I, Dis I van, Visseren FLJ, Bots ML. Hart- en vaatziekten in Nederland 2010, cijfers over leefstijl- en risicofactoren, ziekte en sterfte - Incidentie en prevalentie van hart- en vaatziekten in Nederland. Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2010.

  6. Franke CL, Vaartjes I, Bots ML. Beroerte samengevat. Volksgezondheid Toekomst Verkenning, Nationaal Kompas Volksgezondheid 2011. Bilthoven: RIVM. Beschikbaar via: www.nationaalkompas.nl.

  7. Vaartjes I, Dis I van, Bots ML. Feiten en cijfers. Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2011.

  8. Bots ML, Vaartjes I. Internationale vergelijking van trends in sterfte aan hart- en vaatziekten. Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2009.

  9. Nieboer A, Pepels R, Kool T, Huijsman R. Stroke services gespiegeld. Publieksversie van de haalbaarheidsstudie naar een landelijke benchmark van CVA-ketenzorg. Rotterdam/Utrecht: iBMG/Prismant/ZonMw; 2005.

  10. Slobbe LCJ, Smit JM, Groen J, Poos MJCC, Kommer GJ. Kosten van ziekten in Nederland 2007. Trends in de Nederlandse zorguitgaven 1999-2010. Bilthoven: RIVM; 2011.

  11. Han B, Haley WE. Family caregiving for patients with stroke. Review and analysis. Stroke. 1999;30(7):1478-85.

  12. Haley WE, Allen JY, Grant JS, Clay OJ, Perkins M, Roth DL. Problems and benefits reported by stroke family caregivers: results from a prospective epidemiological study. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2129-33.

  13. McPherson CJ, Wilson KG, Chyurlia L, Leclerc C. The caregiving relationship and quality of life among partners of stroke survivors: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9(1):29.

  14. Vaartjes I, Bots ML. Welke factoren beÔnvloeden de kans op een beroerte? Bilthoven: RIVM; 2011. Beschikbaar via: www.nationaalkompas.nl.

  15. WHO (Nederland) - FIC Collaborating Centre. ICF: Internationale classificatie van het menselijk functioneren; de Nederlandse vertaling van ICF. 1e druk ed. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2002.

  16. Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF). Het beroepsprofiel van de fysiotherapeut. Amersfoort: KNGF; 2013.

  17. The AGREE Next Steps Consortium. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II. 2009.

  18. Regieraad Kwaliteit van Zorg. Richtlijn voor Richtlijnen; 20 criteria voor het ontwikkelen en implementeren van een klinische richtlijn. Den Haag: RKZ; 2012.

  19. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(8):e1-37.

  20. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1-34.

  21. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke. 4th ed. Londen: Royal College of Physicians; 2012.

  22. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke: Rehabilitation, prevention and management of complications, and discharge planning - a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2010.

  23. European Stroke Organisation. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and trnsient ischaemic attack. Heidelberg, Duitsland: ESO; 2007.

  24. Miller EL, Murray L, Richards L, Zorowitz RD, Bakas T, Clark P, et al. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary rehabilitation care of the stroke patient: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2402-48.

  25. Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, Bayley M, Hill MD, Davies-Schinkel C, Singh S, et al. Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care (Update 2010). Ottawa, Ontario Canada: Canadian Stroke Network; 2010.

  26. Teasell R, Foley N, Salter K, Bhogal S, Jutai J, Speechley M. Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation. 15th ed. Londen: EBRSR; 2012.

  27. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical guidelines for stroke management. Melbourne: National Stroke Foundation; 2010.

  28. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand and New Zealand Guidelines Group. Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010. Wellington: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand; 2010.

  29. Kjellstrˆm T, Norrving B, Schatchkute A. Helsingborg Declaration 2006 on European stroke strategies. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(2-3):231-41.

  30. Norrving B. The 2006 Helsingborg Consensus Conference on European Stroke Strategies: Summary of conference proceedings and background to the 2nd Helsingborg Declaration. Int J Stroke. 2007;2(2):139-43.

  31. Elm E von, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453-7.

  32. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008-12.

  33. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Cohort studies: marching towards outcomes. Lancet. 2002;359(9303):341-5.

  34. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(5):376-80.

  35. Moseley AM, Herbert RD, Sherrington C, Maher CG. Evidence for physiotherapy practice: a survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Aust J Physiother. 2002;48(1):43-9.

  36. Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Maher CG, Moseley AM. PEDro. A database of randomized trials and systematic reviews in physiotherapy. Man Ther. 2000;5(4):223-6.

  37. Higgins JPT, Green Se. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011] ed: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011 2011.

  38. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. New York: Academic Press; 1977.

  39. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. Chinchester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2009.

  40. Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de gezondheidszorg CBO. Evidence-based Richtlijnontwikkeling. Handleiding voor werkgroepleden. Utrecht: CBO; 2007.

  41. Hayden JA, CÙtÈ P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(6):427-37.

  42. Altman DG. Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ. 2001;323(7306):224-8.

  43. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Kollen BJ, Lankhorst GJ. Predicting disability in stroke - a critical review of the literature. Age Ageing. 1996;25(6):479-89.

  44. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):159-70.

  45. Veerbeek JM, Kwakkel G, Van Wegen EE, Ket JC, Heymans MW. Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1482-8.

  46. Kennisnetwerk CVA Nederland. www.kennisnetwerkcva.nl/cva-zorgketens-0 2013 [updated 2/26/2013]. Beschikbaar via: www.kennisnetwerkcva.nl/cva-zorgketens-0.

  47. Stroke Unit Trialistsí Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD000197.

  48. Dierx JA, Stolker DHCM. Stroke Services in Nederland - een inventarisatie. Den Haag: 2000 2000. Report No.

  49. Commissie Ontwikkelingrichtlijnen Stroke (CORSU). Advies opzet stroke unit Commissie Ontwikkelingrichtlijnen Stroke Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2002.

  50. Stolker DHCM. Samen werken in de stroke service. Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 1997.

  51. Hakkennes SJ, Brock K, Hill KD. Selection for inpatient rehabilitation after acute stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(12):2057-70.

  52. Saposnik G, Hill MD, OíDonnell M, Fang J, Hachinski V, Kapral MK, et al. Variables associated with 7-day, 30-day, and 1-year fatality after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2318-24.

  53. Dennis M, Langhorne P. So stroke units save lives: where do we go from here? BMJ. 1994;309(6964):1273-7.

  54. Govan L, Langhorne P, Weir CJ. Does the prevention of complications explain the survival benefit of organized inpatient (stroke unit) care?: further analysis of a systematic review. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2536-40.

  55. Hankey GJ, Warlow CP. Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations. Lancet. 1999;354(9188):1457-63.

  56. Kalra L. Does age affect benefits of stroke unit rehabilitation? Stroke. 1994;25(2):346-51.

  57. Saposnik G, Kapral MK, Coutts SB, Fang J, Demchuk AM, Hill MD. Do all age groups benefit from organized inpatient stroke care? Stroke. 2009;40(10):3321-7.

  58. Luker JA, Wall K, Bernhardt J, Edwards I, Grimmer-Somers KA. Patientsí age as a determinant of care received following acute stroke: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:161.

  59. Langhorne P, Williams BO, Gilchrist W, Howie K. Do stroke units save lives? Lancet. 1993;342(8868):395-8.

  60. Aboderin I, Venables G. Stroke management in Europe. Paneuropean Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management. J Intern Med. 1996;240(4):173-80.

  61. Langhorne P, Duncan P. Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter? Stroke. 2001;32(1):268-74.

  62. Gresham GE, Duncan PW, Statson WB. Priorities for future research: clinical practice guidelines, number 16. Rockville: 1995 95-0662.

  63. LaClair BJ, Reker DM, Duncan PW, Horner RD, Hoenig H. Stroke care: a method for measuring compliance with AHCPR guidelines. AmJ Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80(3):235-42.

  64. Duncan PW, Horner RD, Reker DM, Samsa GP, Hoenig H, Hamilton B, et al. Adherence to postacute rehabilitation guidelines is associated with functional recovery in stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(1):167-77.

  65. Reker DM, Duncan PW, Horner RD, Hoenig H, Samsa GP, Hamilton BB, et al. Postacute stroke guideline compliance is associated with greater patient satisfaction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(6):750-6.

  66. Hubbard IJ, Harris D, Kilkenny MF, Faux SG, Pollack MR, Cadilhac DA. Adherence to clinical guidelines improves patient outcomes in Australian audit of stroke rehabilitation practice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(6):965-71.

  67. Middleton S, McElduff P, Ward J, Grimshaw JM, Dale S, DíEste C, et al. Implementation of evidence-based treatment protocols to manage fever, hyperglycaemia, and swallowing dysfunction in acute stroke (QASC): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9804):1699-706.

  68. Hamilton S, McLaren SM, editors. The results of an evaluation of compliance with evidence-based guidelines and recording system for the assessment of stroke patients. 19th international Conference of the International Society for quality in Health Care, 5-8 november 2002. Paris; 2002.

  69. Micieli G, Cavallini A, Quaglini S. Guideline compliance improves stroke outcome: a preliminary study in 4 districts in the Italian region of Lombardia. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1341-7.

  70. Adams Jr. H, Brott TG, Crowell RM, Furlan AJ, Gomez CR, Grotta J, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1994;25(9):1901-14.

  71. Quaglini S, Cavallini A, Gerzeli S, Micieli G, GLADIS Study Group (Guideline Application for the Decision making in Ischemic Stroke). Economic benefit from clinical practice guideline compliance in stroke patient management. Health Policy. 2004;69(3):305-15.

  72. Otterman NM, Wees PJ van der, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Physical therapistsí guideline adherence on early mobilization and intensity of practice at dutch acute stroke units: a country-wide survey. Stroke. 2012;43(9):2395-401.

  73. American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to Physical therapist Practice. Second Edition. Phys Ther. 2001;81(1):9-746.

  74. Straus SE, Scott Richardson W, Glasziou P, Haynes RB. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach it. 4th ed. Edinburgh, London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2011.

  75. Kwakkel G, Peppen R van, Wagenaar RC, Wood-Dauphinee S, Richards C, Ashburn A, et al. Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2004;35(11):2529-39.

  76. Veerbeek JM, Koolstra M, Ket JC, Wegen EE van, Kwakkel G. Effects of augmented exercise therapy on outcome of gait and gait-related activities in the first 6 months after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3311-5.

  77. Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A. Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):741-54.

  78. Cooke EV, Mares K, Clark A, Tallis RC, Pomeroy VM. The effects of increased dose of exercise-based therapies to enhance motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2010;8:60.

  79. Smith DS, Goldenberg E, Ashburn A, Kinsella G, Sheikh K, Brennan PJ, et al. Remedial therapy after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Br med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282(6263):517-20.

  80. Richards CL, Malouin F, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI, Bouchard JP, Brunet D. Task-specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(6):612-20.

  81. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC. Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9174):191-6.

  82. Lincoln NB, Parry RH, Vass CD. Randomized, controlled trial to evaluate increased intensity of physiotherapy treatment of arm function after stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(3):573-9.

  83. Parker CJ, Gladman JR, Drummond AE, Dewey ME, Lincoln NB, Barer D, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after stroke. TOTAL Study Group. Trial of Occupational Therapy and Leisure. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(1):42-52.

  84. Platz T, Eickhof C, van Kaick S, Engel U, Pinkowski C, Kalok S, et al. Impairment-oriented training or Bobath therapy for severe arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicentre randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(7):714-24.

  85. Hunter SM, Hammett L, Ball S, Smith N, Anderson C, Clark A, et al. Dose-response study of mobilisation and tactile stimulation therapy for the upper extremity early after stroke: a phase I trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(4):314-22.

  86. Feys HM, de Weerdt WJ, Selz BE, Cox Steck GA, Spichiger R, Vereeck LE, et al. Effect of a therapeutic intervention for the hemiplegic upper limb in the acute phase after stroke: a single-blind, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. Stroke. 1998;29(4):785-92.

  87. Lippert-Gr¸ner M, Gr¸ner M. Muskelkrafttraining in der Rehabilitation des zentral paretischen Armes. Neurol Rehabil. 1999;5(5):275-9.

  88. Byl N, Roderick J, Mohamed O, Hanny M, Kotler J, Smith A, et al. Effectiveness of sensory and motor rehabilitation of the upper limb following the principles of neuroplasticity: patients stable poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2003;17(3):176-91.

  89. Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Tan SM, Lewthwaite R, Chui HC, Azen SP. A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: A pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(4):620-8.

  90. Chen JC, Liang CC, Shaw FZ. Facilitation of sensory and motor recovery by thermal intervention for the hemiplegic upper limb in acute stroke patients: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2665-9.

  91. Donaldson C, Tallis R, Miller S, Sunderland A, Lemon R, Pomeroy V. Effects of conventional physical therapy and functional strength training on upper limb motor recovery after stroke: a randomized phase II study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(4):389-97.

  92. Young JB, Forster A. The Bradford community stroke trial: eight week results. Clin Rehabil. 1991;5(4):283-92.

  93. Baskett JJ, Broad JB, Reekie G, Hocking C, Green G. Shared responsibility for ongoing rehabilitation: a new approach to home-based therapy after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(1):23-33.

  94. Gilbertson L, Langhorne P, Walker A, Allen A, Murray GD. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2000;320(7235):603-6.

  95. Green J, Forster A, Bogle S, Young J. Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9302):199-203.

  96. Duncan P, Studenski S, Richards L, Gollub S, Lai S, Reker D, et al. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2173-80.

  97. Rodgers H, Mackintosh J, Price C, Wood R, McNamee P, Fearon T, et al. Does an early increased-intensity interdisciplinary upper limb therapy programme following acute stroke improve outcome? Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(6):579-89.

  98. Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I, Melbourn A, Patel A, Knapp M, et al. Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;328(7448):1099.

  99. Glasgow Augmented Physiotherapy Study (GAPS). Can augmented physiotherapy input enhance recovery of mobility after stroke? A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(5):529-37.

  100. Davidson I, Hillier VF, Waters K, Walton T, Booth J. A study to assess the effect of nursing interventions at the weekend for people with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(2):126-37.

  101. Yang YR, Wang RY, Lin KH, Chu MY, Chan RC. Task-oriented progressive resistance strength training improves muscle strength and functional performance in individuals with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(10):860-70.

  102. Mead GE, Greig CA, Cunningham I, Lewis SJ, Dinan S, Saunders DH, et al. Stroke: a randomized trial of exercise or relaxation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(6):892-9.

  103. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Collier J, Donnan G. A very early rehabilitation trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke. 2008;39(2):390-6.

  104. Harris JE, Eng JJ, Miller WC, Dawson AS. A self-administered Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program (GRASP) improves arm function during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2123-8.

  105. Holmgren E, Gosman-Hedstrˆm G, Lindstrom B, Wester P. What is the benefit of a high-intensive exercise program on health-related quality of life and depression after stroke? A randomized controlled trial. Adv Physiother. 2010;12(3):125-33.

  106. Harrington R, Taylor G, Hollinghurst S, Reed M, Kay H, Wood VA. A community-based exercise and education scheme for stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(1):3-15.

  107. Langhorne P, Stott D, Knight A, Bernhardt J, Barer D, Watkins C. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke: a pilot randomised trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(4):352-60.

  108. Galvin R, Cusack T, OíGrady E, Murphy TB, Stokes E. Family-mediated exercise intervention (FAME): evaluation of a novel form of exercise delivery after stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(3):681-6.

  109. Hesse S, Welz A, Werner C, Quentin B, Wissel J. Comparison of an intermittent high-intensity vs continuous low-intensity physiotherapy service over 12 months in community-dwelling people with stroke: a randomized trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(2):146-56.

  110. Kuys SS, Brauer SG, Ada L. Higher-intensity treadmill walking during rehabilitation after stroke in feasible and not detrimental to walking pattern or quality: a pilot randomized trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(4):316-26.

  111. Cifu DX, Stewart DG. Factors affecting functional outcome after stroke: a critical review of rehabilitation interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(5 Suppl 1):S35-S9.

  112. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Wagenaar RC. Therapy impact on functional recovery in stroke rehabilitation: a critical review of literature. Physiotherapy. 1999;85(7):377-91.

  113. Wagenaar RC, Meijer OG. Effects of stroke rehabilitation (2) ñ a critical review of the literature. J Rehabil Sci. 1991;4(1):97-109.

  114. Ottenbacher KJ, Jannell S. The results of clinical trials in stroke rehabilitation research. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(1):37-44.

  115. French B, Thomas LH, Leathley MJ, Sutton CJ, McAdam J, Forster A, et al. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD006073.

  116. Sheehan JL, Winzeler-Mercay U, Mudie MH. A randomized controlled pilot study to obtain the best estimate of the size of the effect of a thermoplastic resting splint on spasticity in the stroke-affected wrist and fingers. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(12):1032-7.

  117. B¸rge E, Kupper D, Finckh A, Ryerson S, Schnider A, Leemann B. Neutral functional realignment orthosis prevents hand pain in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(10):1857-62.

  118. Armagan O, Tascioglu F, Oner C. Electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of the hemiplegic hand: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82(11):856-61.

  119. Chae J, Bethoux F, Bohine T, Dobos L, Davis T, Friedl A. Neuromuscular stimulation for upper extremity motor and functional recovery in acute hemiplegia. Stroke. 1998;29(5):975-9.

  120. Francisco G, Chae J, Chawla H, Kirshblum S, Zorowitz R, Lewis G, et al. Electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation for improving the arm function of acute stroke survivors: a randomized pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(5):570-5.

  121. Shindo K, Fujiwara T, Hara J, Oba H, Hotta F, Tsuji T, et al. Effectiveness of Hybrid Assistive Neuromuscular Dynamic Stimulation Therapy in Patients With Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011.

  122. Cozean CD, Pease WS, Hubbell SL. Biofeedback and functional electric stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(6):401-5.

  123. Powell J, Pandyan AD, Granat M, Cameron M, Stott DJ. Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in poststroke hemiplegia. Stroke. 1999;30(7):1384-9.

  124. Visintin M, Barbeau H, Korner-Bitensky N, Mayo NE. A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke. 1998;29(6):1122-8.

  125. Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F. Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(4):409-17.

  126. Thrasher TA, Zivanovic V, McIlroy W, Popovic MR. Rehabilitation of reaching and grasping function in severe hemiplegic patients using functional electrical stimulation therapy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(6):706-14.

  127. Dogan-Aslan M, Nakipoglu-Yuzer GF, Dogan A, Karabay I, Ozgirgin N. The Effect of Electromyographic Biofeedback Treatment in Improving Upper Extremity Functioning of Patients with Hemiplegic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010.

  128. Lin KC, Fu T, Wu CY, Hsieh CJ. Assessing the stroke-specific quality of life for outcome measurement in stroke rehabilitation: minimal detectable change and clinically important difference. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:5.

  129. Walker MF, Gladman JR, Lincoln NB, Siemonsma P, Whiteley T. Occupational therapy for stroke patients not admitted to hospital: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9175):278-80.

  130. Blennerhassett J, Dite W. Additional task-related practice improves mobility and upper limb function early after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2004;50(4):219-24.

  131. Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, CÙtÈ R. A task-orientated intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(5):509-19.

  132. Pang MY, Ashe MC, Eng JJ, McKay HA, Dawson AS. A 19-week exercise program for people with chronic stroke enhances bone geometry at the tibia: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(11):1615-25.

  133. Dean CM, Shepherd RB. Task-related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1997;28(4):722-8.

  134. Pang MY, Harris JE, Eng JJ. A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(1):1-9.

  135. Smits-Engelsman BCM, Halfens JHC. Bewegingsprogrammaís bij mensen met centraal neurologische aandoeningen: welke benaderingswijzen? In: Vaes P, et al., editors. Jaarboek Fysiotherapie/Kinesitherapie 2000. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2000. p. 97-138.

  136. Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, CÙtÈ R, Gayton D, Carlton J, Buttery J, et al. Thereís no place like home: an evaluation of early supported discharge for stroke. Stroke. 2000;31(5):1016-23.

  137. Outpatient Service Trialists. Therapy-based rehabilitation services for stroke patients at home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(1):CD002925.

  138. Aziz NA, Leonardi-Bee J, Phillips M, Gladman JR, Legg L, Walker MF. Therapy-based rehabilitation services for patients living at home more than one year after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(2):CD005952.

  139. Fearon P, Langhorne P. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD000443.

  140. Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia: evaluation and treatment. Londen: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.; 1978.

  141. Knott M, Voss ED. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: patterns and techniques. 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row Publishers; 1968.

  142. Brunnstrom S. Movement therapy in hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach. New York: Harper and Row Publishers; 1970.

  143. Stockmeyer SA. An interpretation of the approach of Rood to the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. Am J Phys Med. 1967;46(1):900-61.

  144. Ayres AJ. The Development of Sensory Integrative Theory and Practice: A Collection of the Works of A. Jean Ayres: Kendall/Hunt Pub Co; 1974.

  145. Johnstone M. Restoration of motor function in the stroke patient: a physiotherapistís approach. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1983.

  146. Carr JH, Shepherd RB. A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke. Rockville MD: Aspen Systems Corporation; 1987.

  147. Perfetti C. Der Hemiplegische Patient: Kognitiv-therapeutische ‹bungen. M¸nchen, Duitsland: Pflaum Verlag; 1997.

  148. Bouachba F. Behandlung von Hemi-Neglect: Zur Behandlung von Patienten mit Hemi-Neglect Erfahrung mit dem Konzept F. Affolter. Physiotherapie (Wien). 2000;4(S):25-8.

  149. International Bobath Instructors Training Association (IBITA). Theoretical assumptions and clinical practice 2008. Beschikbaar via: www.ibita.org.

  150. Raine S. Defining the Bobath concept using the Delphi technique. Physiother Res Int. 2006;11(1):4-13.

  151. Graham JV, Eustace C, Brock K, Swain E, Irwin-Carruthers S. The Bobath concept in contemporary clinical practice. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16(1):57-68.

  152. Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in stroke rehabilitation: basis for Swedish physiotherapistsí choice of treatment. Phys Ther Pract. 1992;8(1):49-55.

  153. Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean DM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a basis for Australian physiotherapistsí choice of treatment. Phys Ther Pract. 1994;10(4):201-9.

  154. Davidson I, Waters K. Physiotherapists working with stroke patients: a national survey. Physiotherapy. 2000;86(2):69-80.

  155. Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Physiotherapy treatment for stroke patients: a survey of current practice. Phys Ther Pract. 1996;12(2):87-96.

  156. Tyson SF, Connell L, Busse M, Lennon S. What do acute stroke physiotherapists do to treat postural control and mobility? An exploration of the content of therapy in the UK. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(11):1051-5.

  157. Tyson SF, Connell LA, Busse ME, Lennon S. What is Bobath? A survey of UK stroke physiotherapistsí perceptions of the content of the Bobath concept to treat postural control and mobility problems after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(6):448-57.

  158. HafsteinsdÛttir TB. The effects of neurodevelopmental treatment on patients with stroke. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht; 2003.

  159. Pomeroy VM, Tallis RC. Physical therapy to improve movement performance and functional ability poststroke. Part 1, Existing evidence. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2000;10(3):261-90.

  160. Weerdt W de, Feys H. Assessment of physiotherapy for patients with stroke. Lancet. 2002;359(9302):182-3.

  161. Duncan PW. Synthesis of intervention trials to improve motor recovery following stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 1997;3:1-20.

  162. Ernst E. A review of stroke rehabilitation and physiotherapy. Stroke. 1990;21(7):1081-5.

  163. Keshner EA. Reevaluating the theoretical model underlying the neurodevelopmental theory. A literature review. Phys Ther. 1981;61(7):1035-40.

  164. Kwakkel G. Dynamics in functional recovery after stroke: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 1998.

  165. Bourbonnais D, Vanden Noven S. Weakness in patients with hemiparesis. Am J Occup Ther. 1989;43(5):313-9.

  166. Gowland C, Bruin H de, Basmajian JV, Plews N, Burcea I. Agonist and antagonist activity during voluntary upper-limb movement in patients with stroke. Phys Ther. 1992;72(9):624-33.

  167. Kwakkel G. Spasticiteit in relatie tot functies en vaardigheden; de pathofysiologie van spasticiteit: III. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 1995;105(4):114-22.

  168. OíDwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain. 1996;119 (Pt 5):1737-49.

  169. Ada L, Vattanasilp W, OíDwyer NJ, Crosbie J. Does spasticity contribute to walking dysfunction after stroke? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(5):628-35.

  170. Lennon S. The Bobath concept: a critical review of the theoretical assumptions that guide physiotherapy practice in stroke rehabilitation. Phys Ther Rev. 1996;1(1):35-45.

  171. Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL. Contribution of passive stiffness to ankle plantarflexor moment during gait after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(3):351-8.

  172. Lennon S, Ashburn A. The Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: a focus group study of the experienced physiotherapistsí perspective. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(15):665-74.

  173. Mayston MJ. The Bobath concept today. The Newsletter - British Association of Bobath Trained Therapists (BABTT). 2001:1-5.

  174. Tyson SF, Connell LA, Lennon S, Busse ME. What treatment packages do UK physiotherapists use to treat postural control and mobility problems after stroke? Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(18):1494-500.

  175. Pollock A, Baer G, Pomeroy V, Langhorne P. Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1):CD001920.

  176. Mudie MH, Winzeler-Mercay U, Radwan S, Lee L. Training symmetry of weight distribution after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study comparing task-related reach, Bobath and feedback training approaches. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(6):582-92.

  177. Basmajian JV, Gowland CA, Finlayson MA, Hall AL, Swanson LR, Stratford PW, et al. Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs traditional physical therapy programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68(5 Pt 1):267-72.

  178. Lee JH van der, Wagenaar RC, Lankhorst GJ, Vogelaar TW, Deville WL, Bouter LM. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2369-75.

  179. Suputtitada A, Suwanwela NC, Tumvitee S. Effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87(12):1482-90.

  180. Wu CY, Chen CL, Tang SF, Lin KC, Huang YY. Kinematic and clinical analyses of upper-extremity movements after constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(8):964-70.

  181. Wu CY, Chen CL, Tsai WC, Lin KC, Chou SH. A randomized controlled trial of modified constraint-induced movement therapy for elderly stroke survivors: changes in motor impairment, daily functioning, and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(3):273-8.

  182. Wu CY, Lin KC, Chen HC, Chen IH, Hong WH. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on movement kinematics and daily function in patients with stroke: a kinematic study of motor control mechanisms. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):460-6.

  183. Myint JM, Yuen GF, Yu TK, Kng CP, Wong AM, Chow KK, et al. A study of constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke patients in Hong Kong. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(2):112-24.

  184. Lin KC, Chang Y, Wu CY, Chen YA. Effects of constraint-induced therapy versus bilateral arm training on motor performance, daily functions, and quality of life in stroke survivors. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(5):441-8.

  185. Lin KC, Wu CY, Liu JS, Chen YT, Hsu CJ. Constraint-induced therapy versus dose-matched control intervention to improve motor ability, basic/extended daily functions, and quality of life in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(2):160-5.

  186. Abu Tariah H, Almalty A, Sbeih, Al-Oraibi S. Constraint induced movement therapy for stroke survivors in Jordon: a home-based model. Int J Ther Rehab.17(12):638-46.

  187. Lin KC, Chung HY, Wu CY, Liu HL, Hsieh YW, Chen IH, et al. Constraint-induced therapy versus control intervention in patients with stroke: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89(3):177-85.

  188. Wu CY, Chuang LL, Lin KC, Chen HC, Tsay PK. Randomized trial of distributed constraint-induced therapy versus bilateral arm training for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor control and function after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(2):130-9.

  189. Desrosiers J, Bourbonnais D, Corriveau H, Gosselin S, Bravo G. Effectiveness of unilateral and symmetrical bilateral task training for arm during the subacute phase after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(6):581-93.

  190. Luft A, McCombe-Waller S, Whitall J, Forrester L, Macko R, Sorkin J, et al. Repetitive bilateral arm training and motor cortex activation in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(15):1853-61.

  191. McCombe Waller S, Liu W, Whitall J. Temporal and spatial control following bilateral versus unilateral training. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(5):749-58.

  192. Whitall J, Waller SM, Sorkin JD, Forrester LW, Macko RF, Hanley DF, et al. Bilateral and unilateral arm training improve motor function through differing neuroplastic mechanisms: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(2):118-29.

  193. Yelnik AP, Breton F le, Colle FM, Bonan IV, Hugeron C, Egal V, et al. Rehabilitation of balance after stroke with multisensorial training: a single-blind randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(5):468-76.

  194. Lum PS, Burgar CG, Shor PC, Majmundar M, van der Loos M. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(7):952-9.

  195. Lum PS, Burgar CG, Loos M van der, Shor PC, Majmundar M, Yap R. MIME robotic device for upper-limb neurorehabilitation in subacute stroke subjects: A follow-up study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43(5):631-42.

  196. Volpe BT, Lynch D, Rykman-Berland A, Ferraro M, Galgano M, Hogan N, et al. Intensive sensorimotor arm training mediated by therapist or robot improves hemiparesis in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(3):305-10.

  197. Hsieh YW, Wu CY, Liao WW, Lin KC, Wu KY, Lee CY. Effects of treatment intensity in upper limb robot-assisted therapy for chronic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(6):503-11.

  198. Piron L, Turolla A, Agostini M, Zucconi CS, Ventura L, Tonin P, et al. Motor learning principles for rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled study in poststroke patients. NeurorehabilNeural Repair. 2010;24(6):501-8.

  199. Bale M, Strand LI. Does functional strength training of the leg in subacute stroke improve physical performance? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(10-11):911-21.

  200. Gelber DA, Josefczyk PB, Herman D, Good DC, Verhulst SJ. Comparison of two therapy approaches in the rehabilitation of the pure motor hemiparetic stroke patient. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1995;9(4):191-6.

  201. Brock K, Haase G, Rothacher G, Cotton S. Does physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, in conjunction with a task practice, achieve greater improvement in walking ability in people with stroke compared to physiotherapy focused on structured task practice alone?: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(10):903-12.

  202. Richards CL, Malouin F, Bravo G, Dumas F, Wood-Dauphinee S. The role of technology in task-oriented training in persons with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18(4):199-211.

  203. Thaut M, Leins A, Rice R, Argstatter H, Kenyon G, McIntosh G, et al. Rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait more than NDT/Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early poststroke: a single-blind, randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):455-9.

  204. Dias D, Lains J, Pereira A, Nunes R, Caldas J, Amaral C, et al. Can we improve gait skills in chronic hemiplegics? A randomised control trial with gait trainer. Eura Medicophys. 2007;43(4):499-504.

  205. Ng MF, Tong RK, Li LS. A pilot study of randomized clinical controlled trial of gait training in subacute stroke patients with partial body-weight support electromechanical gait trainer and functional electrical stimulation: six-month follow-up. Stroke. 2008;39(1):154-60.

  206. Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK. Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(4):361-9.

  207. Tang QP, Yang QD, Wu YH, Wang GQ, Huang ZL, Liu ZJ, et al. Effects of problem-oriented willed-movement therapy on motor abilities for people with poststroke cognitive deficits. Phys Ther. 2005;85(10):1020-33.

  208. Wang RY, Chen HI, Chen CY, Yang YR. Efficacy of Bobath versus orthopaedic approach on impairment and function at different motor recovery stages after stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(2):155-64.

  209. Vliet PM van, Lincoln NB, Foxall A. Comparison of Bobath based and movement science based treatment for stroke: a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(4):503-8.

  210. Bagley P, Hudson M, Forster A, Smith J, Young J. A randomized trial evaluation of the Oswestry Standing Frame for patients after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(4):354-64.

  211. Dechaumont-Palacin S, Marque P, de Boissezon X, Castel-Lacanal E, Carel C, Berry I, et al. Neural correlates of proprioceptive integration in the contralesional hemisphere of very impaired patients shortly after a subcortical stroke: an FMRI study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(2):154-65.

  212. Butefisch C, Hummelsheim H, Denzler P, Mauritz KH. Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. J Neurol Sci. 1995;130(1):59-68.

  213. Heckmann J, Mokrusch T, Krockel A, Warnke S, Neundorfer B. EMG-triggered electrical muscle stimulation in the treatment of central hemiparesis after a stroke. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;7(5):138-41.

  214. Popovic MB, Popovic DB, Sinkjaer T, Stefanovic A, Schwirtlich L. Clinical evaluation of functional electrical therapy in acute hemiplegic subjects. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(5):443-53.

  215. Popovic MR, Thrasher TA, Zivanovic V, Takaki J, Hajek V. Neuroprosthesis for retraining reaching and grasping functions in severe hemiplegic patients. Neuromodulation. 2005;8(1):58-72.

  216. Ring H, Rosenthal N. Controlled study of neuroprosthetic functional electrical stimulation in sub-acute post-stroke rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(1):32-6.

  217. Yan T, Hui-Chan CW, Li LS. Functional electrical stimulation improves motor recovery of the lower extremity and walking ability of subjects with first acute stroke: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36(1):80-5.

  218. Yavuzer G, Geler-Kulcu D, Sonel-Tur B, Kutlay S, Ergin S, Stam HJ. Neuromuscular electric stimulation effect on lower-extremity motor recovery and gait kinematics of patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(4):536-40.

  219. Bakhtiary AH, Fatemy E. Does electrical stimulation reduce spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(5):418-25.

  220. Fil A, Armutlu K, Atay AO, Kerimoglu U, Elibol B. The effect of electrical stimulation in combination with Bobath techniques in the prevention of shoulder subluxation in acute stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(1):51-9.

  221. Yavuzer G, Oken O, Atay MB, Stam HJ. Effect of sensory-amplitude electric stimulation on motor recovery and gait kinematics after stroke: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(6):710-4.

  222. Jonsdottir J, Cattaneo D, Recalcati M, Regola A, Rabuffetti M, Ferrarin M, et al. Task-oriented biofeedback to improve gait in individuals with chronic stroke: motor learning approach. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(5):478-85.

  223. Heidari M, Eghlidi ZH, About Talebi SH, Hosseini SH, Rahimifard H, Emadifard R, et al. Comparison of mobilizing and immobilizing splints on hand motor function in stroke patients: a randomized clinical trial. QOM University Med Sci J. 2011;4(4):48-53.

  224. Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N, Sutbeyaz S, Bussmann JB, Koseoglu F, et al. Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. ArchPhysMedRehabil. 2008;89(3):393-8.

  225. Masiero S, Celia A, Rosati G, Armani M. Robotic-assisted rehabilitation of the upper limb after acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(2):142-9.

  226. Yavuzer G, Senel A, Atay MB, Stam HJ. Playstation eyetoy games improve upper extremity-related motor functioning in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44(3):237-44.

  227. Gok H, Alptekin N, Geler-Kulcu D, Dincer G. Efficacy of treatment with a kinaesthetic ability training device on balance and mobility after stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(10-11):922-30.

  228. Park HJ, Oh DW, Kim SY, Choi JD. Effectiveness of community-based ambulation training for walking function of post-stroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(5):451-9.

  229. Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, Paul JP. The effect of independent practice of motor tasks by stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(5):473-80.

  230. Howe TE, Taylor I, Finn P, Jones H. Lateral weight transference exercises following acute stroke: a preliminary study of clinical effectiveness. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(1):45-53.

  231. Seze M de, Wiart L, Bon-Saint-Come A, Debelleix X, Seze M de, Joseph PA, et al. Rehabilitation of postural disturbances of hemiplegic patients by using trunk control retraining during exploratory exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(6):793-800.

  232. Yang YR, Yen JG, Wang RY, Yen LL, Lieu FK. Gait outcomes after additional backward walking training in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(3):264-73.

  233. Patil P, Rao SA. Effects of Thera-Band elastic resistance-assisted gait training in stroke patients: a pilot study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011 Sep;47(3):427-33.

  234. Thaut MH, McIntosh GC, Rice RR. Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151(2):207-12.

  235. Laufer Y, Dickstein R, Chefez Y, Marcovitz E. The effect of treadmill training on the ambulation of stroke survivors in the early stages of rehabilitation: a randomized study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2001;38(1):69-78.

  236. Werner C, Frankenberg S von, Treig T, Konrad M, Hesse S. Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: a randomized crossover study. Stroke. 2002;33(12):2895-901.

  237. Eich HJ, Mach H, Werner C, Hesse S. Aerobic treadmill plus Bobath walking training improves walking in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(6):640-51.

  238. Chang WH, Kim MS, Huh JP, Lee PK, Kim YH. Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary fitness in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26(4):318-24.

  239. Katz-Leurer M, Sender I, Keren O, Dvir Z. The influence of early cycling training on balance in stroke patients at the subacute stage. Results of a preliminary trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(5):398-405.

  240. Sunderland A, Tinson DJ, Bradley EL, Fletcher D, Langton Hewer R, Wade DT. Enhanced physical therapy improves recovery of arm function after stroke. A randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(7):530-5.

  241. Partridge C, Mackenzie M, Edwards S, Reid A, Jayawardena S, Guck N, et al. Is dosage of physiotherapy a critical factor in deciding patterns of recovery from stroke: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. 2000;5(4):230-40.

  242. Latash ML, Anson JG. What are ënormal movementsí in atypical populations. Behav Brain Sci. 1996;19(1):55-106.

  243. Steenbergen B. The planning and coordination of prehension movements in spastic hemiparesis. Nijmegen: Quickprint; 2000 2000.

  244. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ. Dynamica van het functionele herstel bij CVA-patiÎnten: effecten van bewegingstherapie nader geanalyseerd. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2001;111(1):13-21.

  245. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott HH. Motor control, theory and practical applications. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.

  246. Levin MF. Interjoint coordination during pointing movements is disrupted in spastic hemiparesis. Brain. 1996;119 (Pt 1):281-93.

  247. Rohrer B, Fasoli S, Krebs HI, Hughes R, Volpe B, Frontera WR, et al. Movement smoothness changes during stroke recovery. J Neurosci. 2002;22(18):8297-304.

  248. Kordelaar J van, Wegen EE van, Kwakkel G. Unraveling the interaction between pathological upper limb synergies and compensatory trunk movements during reach-to-grasp after stroke: a cross-sectional study. Exp Brain Res. 2012;221(3):251-62.

  249. Roby-Brami A, Feydy A, Combeaud M, Biryukova EV, Bussel B, Levin MF. Motor compensation and recovery for reaching in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;107(5):369-81.

  250. Kwakkel G, Peppen RPS van. De CVA-patient in evenwicht. In: Vaes P, editor. Jaarboek Fysiotherapie/Kinesitherapie. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2002. p. 45-58.

  251. Nes IJW van. Balance recovery after supratentorial stroke. Influence of hemineglect and the effects of somatosensory stimulation (proefschrift). Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen; 2006.

  252. Haart M de. Recovery of standing balance in patients with a supratentorial stroke. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen; 2005.

  253. Weerdesteyn VGM. From the mechanisms of obstacle avoidance towards the prevention of falls. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen; 2005.

  254. Asseldonk E van. Restitution and compensation in the recovery of function in the lower extremities of stroke survivors: design of evaluation and training methods. Enschede: Universiteit Twente; 2008.

  255. Roerdink M. Anchoring: moving from theory to therapy [proefschrift]. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 2009.

  256. Huitema RB. Functional recovery of gait after stroke [proefschrift]. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; 2004.

  257. Buurke JH. Walking after stroke co-ordination patterns & functional recovery [proefschrift]. Enschede: Universiteit Twente; 2005.

  258. Otter AR den. The control of gait after stroke: a electromyographic approach to functional recovery [proefschrift]. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen; 2005.

  259. Kollen BJ. Recovery of gait after stroke [proefschrift]. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht; 2006.

  260. Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Lindeman E. Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22(3-5):281-99.

  261. Kollen B, Port I van de, Lindeman E, Twisk J, Kwakkel G. Predicting improvement in gait after stroke: a longitudinal prospective study. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2676-80.

  262. Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011;377(9778):1693-702.

  263. Smith RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning, a behavioral emphasis. 3rd ed. Campaign: Human Kinetics; 1999.

  264. Mulder T, Hochstenbach J. Motor control and learning: implications for neurological rehabilitation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 2002.

  265. Krakauer JW. Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(1):84-90.

  266. Lee TD, Swanson LR, Hall AL. What is repeated in a repetition? Effects of practice conditions on motor skill acquisition. Phys Ther. 1991;71(2):150-6.

  267. Shea JB, Morgan JB. Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. J Exp Psychol: Hum Learn Mem. 1979;5(2):179-87.

  268. Hanlon RE. Motor learning following unilateral stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(8):811-5.

  269. Kitago T, Krakauer JW. Motor learning principles for neurorehabilitation. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;110:93-103.

  270. Shea CH, Kohl RM. Composition of practice: influence on the retention of motor skills. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62(2):187-95.

  271. Cirstea CM, Ptito A, Levin MF. Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke. 2006;37(5):1237-42.

  272. Cirstea MC, Levin MF. Improvement of arm movement patterns and endpoint control depends on type of feedback during practice in stroke survivors. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):398-411.

  273. Wu C, Trombly CA, Lin K, Tickle-Degnen L. A kinematic study of contextual effects on reaching performance in persons with and without stroke: influences of object availability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(1):95-101.

  274. Chan DY, Chan CC, Au DK. Motor relearning programme for stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):191-200.

  275. Ertelt D, Small S, Soldkin A, Dettmers C, McNamara A, Binkofski F, et al. Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage. 2007;36(S2):T164-73.

  276. Gilmore PE, Spaulding SJ. Motor learning and the use of videotape feedback after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(5):28-36.

  277. Mount J, Pierce SR, Parker J, DiEgidio R, Woessner R, Spiegel L. Trial and error versus errorless learning of functional skills in patients with acute stroke. Neurorehabil. 2007;22(2):123-32.

  278. Boyd LA, Vidoni ED, Wessel BD. Motor learning after stroke: is skill acquisition a prerequisite for contralesional neuroplastic change? Neurosci Lett. 2010;482(1):21-5.

  279. Ausenda C, Carnovali M. Transfer of motor skill learning from the healthy hand to the paretic hand in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;47(3):417-25.

  280. Johansson T, Wild C. Telerehabilitation in stroke care - a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2011;17(1):1-6.

  281. Gˆvercin M, Missala IM, Marschollek M, Steinhagen-Thiessen E. Virtual rehabilitation and telerehabilitation for the upper limb: a geriatric review. Gero Psych. 2010;23(2):79-90.

  282. Grant JS, Elliott TR, Weaver M, Bartolucci AA, Giger JN. Telephone intervention with family caregivers of stroke survivors after rehabilitation. Stroke. 2002;33(8):2060-5.

  283. Piron L, Turolla A, Agostini M, Zucconi C, Cortese F, Zampolini M, et al. Exercises for paretic upper limb after stroke: a combined virtual-reality and telemedicine approach. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(12):1016-102.

  284. Huijgen BC, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, Zampolini M, Opisso E, Bernabeu M, van Nieuwenhoven J, et al. Feasibility of a home-based telerehabilitation system compared to usual care: arm/hand function in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. J Telemed Telecare. 2008;14(5):249-56.

  285. Barlow JH, Sturt J, Hearnshaw H. Self-management interventions for people with chronic conditions in primary care: examples from arthritis, asthma and diabetes. Health Educ J. 2002;61(4):365-78.

  286. Jones F, Riazi A. Self-efficacy and self-management after stroke: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(10):797-810.

  287. Lennon S, McKenna S, Jones F. Self-management programmes for people post stroke: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2013.

  288. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191-215.

  289. Robinson-Smith G, Johnston MV, Allen J. Self-care self-efficacy, quality of life, and depression after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(4):460-4.

  290. McAuley E. The role of efficacy cognitions in the prediction of exercise behavior in middle-aged adults. J Behav Med. 1992;15(1):65-88.

  291. Resnick B, Nigg C. Testing a theoretical model of exercise behavior for older adults. Nurs Res. 2003;52(2):80-8.

  292. Hellstrˆm K, Lindmark B, Wahlberg B, Fugl-Meyer AR. Self-efficacy in relation to impairments and activities of daily living disability in elderly patients with stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2003;35(5):202-7.

  293. Platform Vitale Vaten. Zorgstandaard Cardiovasculair Risicomanagement 2013. Den Haag: Platvorm Vitale Vaten, 2013.

  294. TouzÈ E, Varenne O, Chatellier G, Geyrard S, Rothwell PM, Mas JL. Risk of myocardial infarction and vascular death after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2748-55.

  295. Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(12):1063-72.

  296. Wu CM, McLaughlin K, Lorenzetti DL, Hill MD, Manns BJ, Ghali WA. Early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(22):2417-22.

  297. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 2011;42(1):227-76.

  298. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk. Stroke. 2003;34(10):2475-81.

  299. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Stroke. 2003;107(24):31009-3116.

  300. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell SC, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2006;113(24):e873-923.

  301. Lennon O, Carey A, Gaffney N, Stephenson J, Blake C. A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of the cardiac rehabilitation paradigm for the non-acute ischaemic stroke population. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(2):125-33.

  302. Lennon O, Blake C. Cardiac rehabilitation adapted to transient ischaemic attack and stroke (CRAFTS): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2009;9(9).

  303. Prior PL, Hachinski V, Unsworth K, Chan R, Mytka S, OíCallaghan C, et al. Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation for secondary prevention after transient ischemic attack or mild stroke: I: feasibility and risk factors. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3207-13.

  304. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Klinische Geriatrie. Richtlijn preventie van valincidenten bij ouderen. Utrecht: Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de gezondheidszorg CBO; 2004.

  305. Lamb SE, Jorstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C. Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(9):1618-22.

  306. Andersson AG, Kamwendo K, Appelros P. Fear of falling in stroke patients: relationship with previous falls and functional characteristics. Int J Rehabil Res. 2008;31(3):261-4.

  307. Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Patient falls in stroke rehabilitation. A challenge to rehabilitation strategies. Stroke. 1995;26(5):838-42.

  308. Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Wellwood I, Warlow CP. Complications after acute stroke. Stroke. 1996;27(3):415-20.

  309. Teasell R, McRae M, Foley N, Bhardwaj A. The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: factors associated with high risk. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(3):329-33.

  310. Lee JE, Stokic DS. Risk factors for falls during inpatient rehabilitation. AmJ Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(5):341-50.

  311. Forster A, Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ. 1995;311(6997):83-6.

  312. Mackintosh SF, Hill K, Dodd KJ, Goldie P, Culham E. Falls and injury prevention should be part of every stroke rehabilitation plan. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(4):441-51.

  313. Stolze H, Klebe S, Zechlin C, Baecker C, Friege L, Deuschl G. Falls in frequent neurological diseases--prevalence, risk factors and aetiology. J Neurol. 2004;251(1):79-84.

  314. Rensink M, Schuurmans M, Lindeman E, HafsteinsdÛttir TB. Falls: incidence and risk factors after stroke. A systematic literature review. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;40(4):156-67.

  315. Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(12):2234-43.

  316. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(9):CD007146.

  317. Dean CM, Rissel C, Sharkey M, Sherrington C, Cumming RG, Barker RN, et al. Exercise intervention to prevent falls and enhance mobility in community dwellers after stroke: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:38.

  318. Batchelor FA, Hill KD, Mackintosh SF, Said CM, Whitehead CH. The FLASSH study: protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating falls prevention after stroke and two sub-studies. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:14.

  319. Heerkens YF, Hendriks HJM, Graaf-Peters VB de. KNGF-richtlijn Fysiotherapeutische verslaglegging. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2011;121(1):Supplement.

  320. Stinear CM, Ward NS. How useful is imaging in predicting outcomes in stroke rehabilitation? Int J Stroke. 2013;8(1):33-7.

  321. Moons KG, Royston P, Vergouwe Y, Grobbee DE, Altman DG. Prognosis and prognostic research: what, why, and how? BMJ. 2009;338:b375.

  322. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Vive-Larsen J, Stoier M, Olsen TS. Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke. Part II: Time course of recovery. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(5):406-12.

  323. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Wagenaar RC. Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(4):473-9.

  324. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Anderson CS. Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Stroke. 2002;33(4):1034-40.

  325. Hardie K, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Anderson C. Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 2004;35(3):731-5.

  326. Veerbeek JM, Wegen EE van, Harmeling-Van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):268-74.

  327. Smith MT, Baer GD. Achievement of simple mobility milestones after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(4):442-7.

  328. Baer GD, Smith MT, Rowe PJ, Masterton L. Establishing the reliability of Mobility Milestones as an outcome measure for stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(7):977-81.

  329. Wade DT, Hewer RL. Functional abilities after stroke: measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50(2):177-82.

  330. Barer DH. Continence after stroke: useful predictor or goal of therapy? Age Ageing. 1989;18(3):183-91.

  331. Sanchez-Blanco I, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Lopez-Munain L, Izquierdo-Sanchez M, Fermoso-Garcia J. Predictive model of functional independence in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):464-75.

  332. Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(10):1357-63.

  333. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Grond J van der, Prevo AJ. Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2181-6.

  334. Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt DS, Groot I de, Limbeek J van, Vermeulen M, Haan RJ de. Prognostic factors for ambulation and activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(2):119-29.

  335. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Herregodts I, Lafosse C, et al. Trunk performance after stroke and the relationship with balance, gait and functional ability. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(5):451-8.

  336. Wandel A, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Prediction of walking function in stroke patients with initial lower extremity paralysis: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(6):736-8.

  337. Dombovy ML, Sandok BA, Basford JR. Rehabilitation for stroke: a review. Stroke. 1986;17(3):363-9.

  338. Jongbloed L. Prediction of function after stroke: a critical review. Stroke. 1986;17(4):765-76.

  339. Preston E, Ada L, Dean CM, Stanton R, Waddington G. What is the probability of patients who are nonambulatory after stroke regaining independent walking? A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2011;6(6):531-40.

  340. Lee JH van der, Roorda LD, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM. Improving the Action Research Arm test: a unidimensional hierarchical scale. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(6):646-53.

  341. Koh CL, Hsueh IP, Wang WC, Sheu CF, Yu TY, Wang CH, et al. Validation of the action research arm test using item response theory in patients after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38(6):375-80.

  342. Moskowitz E, Lightbody FE, Freitag NS. Long-term follow-up of the poststroke patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1972;53(4):167-72.

  343. Sunderland A, Tinson D, Bradley L, Hewer RL. Arm function after stroke. An evaluation of grip strength as a measure of recovery and a prognostic indicator. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(11):1267-72.

  344. Parker VM, Wade DT, Langton Hewer R. Loss of arm function after stroke: measurement, frequency, and recovery. Int Rehabil Med. 1986;8(2):69-73.

  345. Gowland C. Recovery of motor function following stroke: profile and prediction. Physiother Can. 1982;34(2):77-84.

  346. Lincoln NB, Jackson JM, Edmans JA, Walker MF, Farrow VM, Latham A, et al. The accuracy of predictions about progress of patients on a stroke unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(11):972-5.

  347. Nijland RH, Wegen EE van, Harmeling van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41(4):745-50.

  348. Bard G, Hirschberg GG. Recovery of voluntary motion in upper extremity following hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1965;46:567-72.

  349. Newman M. The process of recovery after hemiplegia. Stroke. 1972;3(6):702-10.

  350. Heller A, Wade DT, Wood VA, Sunderland A, Hewer RL, Ward E. Arm function after stroke: measurement and recovery over the first three months. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50(6):714-9.

  351. Wade DT, Langton-Hewer R, Wood VA, Skilbeck CE, Ismail HM. The hemiplegic arm after stroke: measurement and recovery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46(6):521-4.

  352. Chen SY, Winstein CJ. A systematic review of voluntary arm recovery in hemiparetic stroke: critical predictors for meaningful outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(1):2-13.

  353. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(4):291-313.

  354. Stinear CM, Barber PA, Petoe M, Anwar S, Byblow WD. The PREP algorithm predicts potential for upper limb recovery after stroke. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 8):2527-35.

  355. Fritz SL, Light KE, Patterson TS, Behrman AL, Davis SB. Active finger extension predicts outcomes after constraint-induced movement therapy for individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1172-7.

  356. Smania N, Paolucci S, Tinazzi M, Borghero A, Manganotti P, Fiaschi A, et al. Active finger extension: a simple movement predicting recovery of arm function in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(3):1088-90.

  357. Katrak P, Bowring G, Conroy P, Chilvers M, Poulos R, McNeil D. Predicting upper limb recovery after stroke: the place of early shoulder and hand movement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(7):758-61.

  358. Twitchell TE. The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain. 1951;74(4):443-80.

  359. Carroll D. The disability in hemiplegia caused by cerebrovascular disease: serial studies of 98 cases. J Chronic Dis. 1962;15:179-88.

  360. Wade DT, Hewer RL. Outlook after an acute stroke: urinary incontinence and loss of consciousness compared in 532 patients. Q J Med. 1985;56(221):601-8.

  361. Marquardsen J. The natural history of acute cerebrovascular disease: a retrospective study of 769 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1969;45:Suppl.

  362. Wagenaar R, Meijer O, Wieringen P van, Kuik D, Hazenberg G, Lindeboom J, et al. The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstrom method. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1990;22(1):1-8.

  363. Katz S, Ford B, Chinn AB, Newill VA. Part II: Long term course of 159 patients. Medicine. 1966;45(3):236-46.

  364. Brorsson B, Asberg KH. Katz index of independence in ADL. Reliability and validity in short-term care. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1984;16(3):125-32.

  365. Ebrahim S, Nouri F, Barer D. Measuring disability after a stroke. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1985;39(1):86-9.

  366. Tennant A, Geddes JM, Chamerblain MA. The Barthel Index: An ordinal score of interval measure. Clin Rehabil. 1996;10(4):301-8.

  367. Feigenson JS. Stroke rehabilitation: effectiveness, benefits, and cost. Some practical considerations. Stroke. 1979;10(1):1-4.

  368. Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B. Efficiency, effectiveness, and duration of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 1990;21(2):241-6.

  369. Gresham GE. Past achievements and new directions in stroke outcome research. Stroke. 1990;21(9 Suppl):II1-II2.

  370. Wade DT, Langton Hewer R. Stroke: associations with age, sex, and side of weakness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(8):540-5.

  371. Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B. Predicting discharge status at commencement of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 1989;20(6):766-9.

  372. Colantonio A, Kasl SV, Ostfeld AM, Berkman LF. Prestroke physical function predicts stroke outcomes in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(6):562-6.

  373. Hallevi H, Albright KC, Martin-Schild SB, Barreto AD, Morales MM, Bornstein N, et al. Recovery after ischemic stroke: criteria for good outcome by level of disability at day 7. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):341-8.

  374. Frithz G, Werner I. Studies on cerebrovascular strokes. II. Clinical findings and short-term prognosis in a stroke material. Acta Med Scand. 1976;199(1-2):133-40.

  375. Loewen SC, Anderson BA. Predictors of stroke outcome using objective measurement scales. Stroke. 1990;21(1):78-81.

  376. Prescott RJ, Garraway WM, Akhtar AJ. Predicting functional outcome following acute stroke using a standard clinical examination. Stroke. 1982;13(5):641-7.

  377. Fullerton KJ, Mackenzie G, Stout RW. Prognostic indices in stroke. Q J Med. 1988;66(250):147-62.

  378. Woldag H, Gerhold LL, Groot M de, Wohlfart K, Wagner A, Hummelsheim H. Early prediction of functional outcome after stroke. Brain Inj. 2006;20(10):1047-52.

  379. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek J, Harmelingen-Van der Wel BC, Wegen E van, Kollen BJ. Diagnostic accuracy of the Barthel Index for measuring activities of daily living outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does early poststroke timing of assessment matter? Stroke. 2011;42(2):342-6.

  380. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, Wegen EE van, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Dippel DW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter? J Neurol Sci. 2010;294(1-2):57-61.

  381. Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Twisk J. Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2348-53.

  382. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ. Bewezen praktijken? Het inschatten van de functionele prognose na een beroerte: Waar moet ik op letten? Ned Tijdschr Fysioth. 2012;122(2):76-81.

  383. Reid JM, Gubitz GJ, Dai D, Kydd D, Eskes G, Reidy Y, et al. Predicting functional outcome after stroke by modelling baseline clinical and CT variables. Age Ageing. 2010;39(3):360-6.

  384. Fiorelli M, Alperovitch A, Argentino C, Sacchetti ML, Toni D, Sette G, et al. Prediction of long-term outcome in the early hours following acute ischemic stroke. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(3):250-5.

  385. Johnston KC, Wagner DP, Wang XQ, Newman GC, Thijs V, Sen S, et al. Validation of an acute ischemic stroke model: does diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume offer a clinically significant improvement in prediction of outcome? Stroke. 2007;38(6):1820-5.

  386. Weimar C, Roth M, Willig V, Kostopoulos P, Benemann J, Diener HC. Development and validation of a prognostic model to predict recovery following intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2006;253(6):788-93.

  387. Sato S, Toyoda K, Uehara T, Toratani N, Yokota C, Moriwaki H, et al. Baseline NIH Stroke Scale Score predicting outcome in anterior and posterior circulation strokes. Neurology. 2008;70(24 Pt 2):2371-7.

  388. Weimar C, Ziegler A, Konig IR, Diener HC. Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol. 2002;249(7):888-95.

  389. Paolucci S, Grasso MG, Antonucci G, Bragoni M, Troisi E, Morelli D, et al. Mobility status after inpatient stroke rehabilitation: 1-year follow-up and prognostic factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(1):2-8.

  390. Port IG van de, Kwakkel G, Wijk I van, Lindeman E. Susceptibility to deterioration of mobility long-term after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2006;37(1):167-71.

  391. Taub E, Uswatte G, Mark V, Morris D. The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation. Eura Medicophys. 2006;42(3):241-56.

  392. Lee JH van der. Constraint-induced movement therapy: some thoughts about theories and evidence. J Rehabil Med. 2003(41 Suppl):41-5.

  393. Dhamoon MS, Moon YP, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, Rundek T, Sacco RL, et al. Long-term functional recovery after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2009;40(8):2805-11.

  394. Wolfe CD, Crichton SL, Heuschmann PU, McKevitt CJ, Toschke AM, Grieve AP, et al. Estimates of outcomes up to ten years after stroke: analysis from the prospective South London Stroke Register. PLoS Med. 2011;8(5):e1001033.

  395. Dombovy ML, Basford JR, Whisnant JP, Bergstralh EJ. Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979. Stroke. 1987;18(5):830-6.

  396. Kojima S, Omura T, Wakamatsu W, Kishi M, Yamazaki T, Iida M, et al. Prognosis and disability of stroke patients after 5 years in Akita, Japan. Stroke. 1990;21(1):72-7.

  397. Paolucci S, Grasso MG, Antonucci G, Troisi E, Morelli D, Coiro P, et al. One-year follow-up in stroke patients discharged from rehabilitation hospital. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10(1):25-32.

  398. Landi F, Onder G, Cesari M, Zamboni V, Russo A, Barillaro C, et al. Functional decline in frail community-dwelling stroke patients. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(1):17-23.

  399. Leira R, Davalos A, Silva Y, Gil-Peralta A, Tejada J, Garcia M, et al. Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors. Neurology. 2004;63(3):461-7.

  400. Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2068-72.

  401. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):355-69.

  402. Weimar C, Roth MP, Zillessen G, Glahn J, Wimmer ML, Busse O, et al. Complications following acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol. 2002;48(3):133-40.

  403. Silver FL, Norris JW, Lewis AJ, Hachinski VC. Early mortality following stroke: a prospective review. Stroke. 1984;15(3):492-6.

  404. Brott T, Reed RL. Intensive care for acute stroke in the community hospital setting. The first 24 hours. Stroke. 1989;20(5):694-7.

  405. Oppenheimer S, Hachinski V. Complications of acute stroke. Lancet. 1992;339(8795):721-4.

  406. Caronna JJ, Levy DE. Clinical predictors of outcome in ischemic stroke. Neurol Clin. 1983;1(1):103-17.

  407. Hachinski V. Decreased incidence and mortality of stroke. Stroke. 1984;15(2):376-8.

  408. Ropper AH, Shafran B. Brain edema after stroke. Clinical syndrome and intracranial pressure. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(1):26-9.

  409. Westendorp WF, Nederkoorn PJ, Vermeij JD, Dijkgraaf MG, Beek D van de. Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:110.

  410. Borgman MF, Passarella PM. Nursing care of the stroke patient using Bobath principles. An approach to altered movement. Nurs Clin North Am. 1991;26(4):1019-35.

  411. Redford J, Harris J. Rehabilitation of the elderly stroke patient. Am Fam Physician. 1980;22(3):153-60.

  412. Garraway WM, Akhtar AJ, Prescott RJ, Hockey L. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: preliminary results of a controlled trial. BMJ. 1980;280(6220):1040-3.

  413. Hamrin E. II. Early activation in stroke: does it make a difference? Scand J Rehabil Med. 1982;14(3):101-9.

  414. Czyrny JJ, Hamilton BB, Gresham GE. Rehabilitation of the stroke patient. Adv Clin Rehabil. 1990;3:64-96.

  415. Odderson IR, McKenna BS. A model for management of patients with stroke during the acute phase. Outcome and economic implications. Stroke. 1993;24(12):1823-7.

  416. Coletta EM, Murphy JB. The complications of immobility in the elderly stroke patient. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1992;5(4):389-97.

  417. Sandin KJ, Cifu DX, Noll SF. Stroke rehabilitation. 4. Psychologic and social implications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(5 Spec No):S52-S5.

  418. Bounds JV, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Okazaki H. Mechanisms and timing of deaths from cerebral infarction. Stroke. 1981;12(4):474-7.

  419. Stroke Unit Trialistsí Collaboration. Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ. 1997;314(7088):1151-9.

  420. Herman B, Leyten AC, Luijk JH van, Frenken CW, Coul AA op de, Schulte BP. An evaluation of risk factors for stroke in a Dutch community. Stroke. 1982;13(3):334-9.

  421. Azzimondi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, et al. Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis. A prospective study. Stroke. 1995;26(11):2040-3.

  422. Saini M, Saqqur M, Kamruzzaman A, Lees KR, Shuaib A. Effect of hyperthermia on prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(9):3051-9.

  423. Hertog HM den, Worp HB van der, Gemert HM van, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, Gijn J van, et al. An early rise in body temperature is related to unfavorable outcome after stroke: data from the PAIS study. J Neurol. 2011;258(2):302-7.

  424. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke. 2000;31(2):410-4.

  425. Olsen TS, Weber UJ, Kammersgaard LP. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(7):410-6.

  426. Karaszewski B, Thomas RG, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM. Temporal profile of body temperature in acute ischemic stroke: relation to stroke severity and outcome. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:123.

  427. Przelomski MM, Roth RM, Gleckman RA, Marcus EM. Fever in the wake of a stroke. Neurology. 1986;36(3):427-9.

  428. Reith J, J¯rgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347(8999):422-5.

  429. Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY, Ginsberg MD. The importance of brain temperature in cerebral ischemic injury. Stroke. 1989;20(8):1113-4.

  430. Minamisawa H, Smith ML, Siesjo BK. The effect of mild hyperthermia and hypothermia on brain damage following 5, 10, and 15 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(1):26-33.

  431. Linares G, Mayer SA. Hypothermia for the treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7 Suppl):S243-S9.

  432. Georgia MA de, Krieger DW, Abou-Chebl A, Devlin TG, Jauss M, Davis SM, et al. Cooling for Acute Ischemic Brain Damage (COOL AID): a feasibility trial of endovascular cooling. Neurology. 2004;63(2):312-7.

  433. Guluma KZ, Hemmen TM, Olsen SE, Rapp KS, Lyden PD. A trial of therapeutic hypothermia via endovascular approach in awake patients with acute ischemic stroke: methodology. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(8):820-7.

  434. Hertog HM den, Worp HB van der, Tseng MC, Dippel DW. Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD001247.

  435. Hertog H den, Worp B van der, Gemert M van, Dippel D. Therapeutic hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7(2):155-64.

  436. Vermeij FH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Man P de, Oostenbrugge RJ van, Franke CL, Jong G de, et al. Stroke-associated infection is an independent risk factor for poor outcome after acute ischemic stroke: data from the Netherlands Stroke Survey. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(5):465-71.

  437. Aslanyan S, Weir C, Diener HC, Kaste M, Lees KR. Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(1):49-53.

  438. Kwan J, Hand P. Infection after acute stroke is associated with poor short-term outcome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;115(5):331-8.

  439. Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C, et al. Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1223-9.

  440. Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S. Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. Stroke. 2008;39(2):414-20.

  441. Walker AE, Robins M, Weinfeld FD. The National Survey of Stroke. Clinical findings. Stroke. 1981;12(2 Pt 2 Suppl 1):I13-I44.

  442. Kotila M, Waltimo O, Niemi ML, Laaksonen R, Lempinen M. The profile of recovery from stroke and factors influencing outcome. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1039-44.

  443. Horner J, Massey EW. Silent aspiration following stroke. Neurology. 1988;38(2):317-9.

  444. Roth EJ, Noll SF. Stroke rehabilitation. 2. Comorbidities and complications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(5 Spec No):S42-S6.

  445. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J. Aspiration in acute stroke: a clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med. 1993;86(12):825-9.

  446. Teasell RW, Bach D, McRae M. Prevalence and recovery of aspiration poststroke: a retrospective analysis. Dysphagia. 1994;9(1):35-9.

  447. Nilsson H, Ekberg O, Olsson R, Hindfelt B. Dysphagia in stroke: a prospective study of quantitative aspects of swallowing in dysphagic patients. Dysphagia. 1998;13(1):32-8.

  448. Commissie CVA-Revalidatie. Revalidatie na een beroerte; richtlijnen en aanbevelingen voor zorgverleners. Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2001.

  449. Kalf JC. Slikscreening na een beroerte; een Evidence-based review. Logopedie en Foniatrie. 2002;74(3):76-83.

  450. DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ. Validation of the 3-oz water swallow test for aspiration following stroke. Arch Neurol. 1992;49(12):1259-61.

  451. Ramsey DJ, Smithard DG, Kalra L. Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1252-7.

  452. Cox E, Vloed J van der. Logopedie in de klinische fase na een CVA/TIA. Woerden: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Logopedie en Foniatrie; 2011.

  453. Daniels SK, Brailey K, Priestly DH, Herrington LR, Weisberg LA, Foundas AL. Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(1):14-9.

  454. Logemann JA. Screening, diagnosis, and management of neurogenic dysphagia. Semin Neurol. 1996;16(4):319-27.

  455. Beek D van de, Wijdicks EF, Vermeij FH, Haan RJ de, Prins JM, Spanjaard L, et al. Preventive antibiotics for infections in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1076-81.

  456. Verpleegkundigen & Verzorgenden Nederland. Landelijke multidisciplinaire richtlijn. Decubitus preventie en behandeling. Utrecht: VVN; 2011.

  457. Jensen TS, Lenz FA. Central post-stroke pain: a challenge for the scientist and the clinician. Pain. 1995;61(2):161-4.

  458. Gamble GE, Barberan E, Laasch HU, Bowsher D, Tyrrell PJ, Jones AK. Poststroke shoulder pain: a prospective study of the association and risk factors in 152 patients from a consecutive cohort of 205 patients presenting with stroke. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(6):467-74.

  459. Lindgren I, Jonsson AC, Norrving B, Lindgren A. Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study. Stroke. 2007;38(2):343-8.

  460. Blennerhassett JM, Gyngell K, Crean R. Reduced active control and passive range at the shoulder increase risk of shoulder pain during inpatient rehabilitation post-stroke: an observational study. J Physiother. 2010;56(3):195-9.

  461. Brandstater ME, Roth EJ, Siebens HC. Venous thromboembolism in stroke: literature review and implications for clinical practice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(5-S):S379-S91.

  462. Bromfield EB, Reding MJ. Relative risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism post-stroke based on ambulatory status. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1988;2(2):51-7.

  463. Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP, Pineo GF, Colwell CW, Anderson Jr FA, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2001;119(1 Suppl):132S-75S.

  464. Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg CBO. Richtlijn Diagnostiek, preventie en behandeling van veneuze trombo-embolie en secundaire preventie van arteriÎle trombose. Utrecht: CBO; 2008.

  465. Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, Lensing AW, Foster G, Kearon C, et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1995;345(8961):1326-30.

  466. Dennis M, Sandercock P, Reid J, Graham C, Murray G, Venables G, et al. Can clinical features distinguish between immobile patients with stroke at high and low risk of deep vein thrombosis? Statistical modelling based on the CLOTS trials cohorts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(10):1067-73.

  467. Naccarato M, Chiodo Grandi F, Dennis M, Sandercock PA. Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(8):CD001922.

  468. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, Bornstein N, Chambers B, CÙtÈ R, et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(11):1617-22.

  469. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ. 1997;315(7122):1582-7.

  470. Beghi E, DíAlessandro R, Beretta S, Consoli D, Crespi V, Delaj L, et al. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011;77(20):1785-93.

  471. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M, Schwab S, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013.

  472. Camilo O, Goldstein LB. Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1769-75.

  473. Giroud M, Gras P, Fayolle H, Andre N, Soichot P, Dumas R. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1,640 cases. Epilepsia. 1994;35(5):959-64.

  474. Ryvlin P, Montavont A, Nighoghossian N. Optimizing therapy of seizures in stroke patients. Neurology. 2006;67(12 Suppl 4):S3-S9.

  475. Gilad R. Management of seizures following a stroke: what are the options? Drugs Aging. 2012;29(7):533-8.

  476. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, Rokseth R, Haheim LL. Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: which aspects are most important? Stroke. 1999;30(5):917-23.

  477. Brott T, Adams Jr HP, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20(7):864-70.

  478. Wade DT, Collen FM, Robb GF, Warlow CP. Physiotherapy intervention late after stroke and mobility. BMJ. 1992;304(6827):609-13.

  479. Baptista MV, Melle G van, Bogousslavsky J. Prediction of in-hospital mortality after first-ever stroke: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. J Neurol Sci. 1999;166(2):107-14.

  480. Davies PM. Steps to follow. A guide to the treatment of adult hemiplegia. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer; 1985.

  481. Davies PM. Right in the middle. Selective trunk activity in the treatment of adult hemiplegia. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer; 1990.

  482. Roper TA, Redford S, Tallis RC. Intermittent compression for the treatment of the oedematous hand in hemiplegic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 1999;28(1):9-13.

  483. Boomkamp-Koppen HG, Visser-Meily JM, Post MW, Prevo AJ. Poststroke hand swelling and oedema: prevalence and relationship with impairment and disability. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(5):552-9.

  484. Moon AH, Gragnani JA. Cold water immersion for the oedematous hand in stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 1989;3(2):97-101.

  485. Giudice ML. Effects of continuous passive motion and elevation on hand edema. Am J Occup Ther. 1990;44(10):914-21.

  486. Cain HD, Liebgold HB. Compressive centripetal wrapping technic for reduction of edema. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1967;48(8):420-3.

  487. Wagenborg L. Oefenprogramma voor hemiplegiepatienten met een oedemateuze hand. Ned Tijdschr Ergother. 1993;21(5):159-61.

  488. Dobkin BH. The rehabilitation of elderly stroke patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 1991;7(3):507-23.

  489. Leahy NM. Complications in acute stage of stroke. Nurs Clin North Am. 1991;26(4):971-84.

  490. Kelley RE, Vibulsresth S, Bell L, Duncan RC. Evaluation of kinetic therapy in the prevention of complications of prolonged bed rest secondary to stroke. Stroke. 1987;18(3):638-42.

  491. Griffin JW. Hemiplegic shoulder pain. Phys Ther. 1986;66(12):1884-93.

  492. Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Lannin NA, Schurr K. Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(9):CD007455.

  493. Annoni JM, Ackermann D, Kesselring J. Respiratory function in chronic hemiplegia. Int Disabil Stud. 1990;12(2):78-80.

  494. Fugl-Meyer AR, Grimby G. Respiration in tetraplegia and in hemiplegia: a review. Int Rehabil Med. 1984;6(4):186-90.

  495. Cohen E, Mier A, Heywood P, Murphy K, Boultbee J, Guz A. Diaphragmatic movement in hemiplegic patients measured by ultrasonography. Thorax. 1994;49(9):890-5.

  496. Khedr EM, El Shinawy O, Khedr T, Abdel aziz ali Y, Awad EM. Assessment of corticodiaphragmatic pathway and pulmonary function in acute ischemic stroke patients. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7(5):509-16.

  497. Voyvoda N, Yucel C, Karatas G, Oguzulgen I, Oktar S. An evaluation of diaphragmatic movements in hemiplegic patients. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1012):411-4.

  498. Almeida IC de, Clementino AC, Rocha EH, Brandao DC, Dornelas de Andrade A. Effects of hemiplegy on pulmonary function and diaphragmatic dome displacement. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011;178(2):196-201.

  499. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke or TIA: assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention - a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2008.

  500. Troyer A de, Zegers DB, Thirion M. Function of the respiratory muscles in acute hemiplegia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123(6):631-2.

  501. Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of body position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(2):497-501.

  502. Wojner-Alexander AW, Garami Z, Chernyshev OY, Alexandrov AV. Heads down: flat positioning improves blood flow velocity in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;64(8):1354-7.

  503. Hunter AJ, Snodgrass SJ, Quain D, Parsons MW, Levi CR. HOBOE (Head-of-Bed Optimization of Elevation) Study: association of higher angle with reduced cerebral blood flow velocity in acute ischemic stroke. Phys Ther. 2011;91(10):1503-12.

  504. Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2756-63.

  505. Sellars C, Bowie L, Bagg J, Sweeney MP, Miller H, Tilston J, et al. Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2007;38(8):2284-91.

  506. Similowski T, Catala M, Rancurel G, Derenne JP. Impairment of central motor conduction to the diaphragm in stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(2 Pt 1):436-41.

  507. Teixeira-Salmela LF, Parreira VF, Britto RR, Brant TC, Inacio EP, Alcantara TO, et al. Respiratory pressures and thoracoabdominal motion in community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(10):1974-8.

  508. Lanini B, Bianchi R, Romagnoli I, Coli C, Binazzi B, Gigliotti F, et al. Chest wall kinematics in patients with hemiplegia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(1):109-13.

  509. Pollock RD, Rafferty GF, Moxham J, Kalra L. Respiratory muscle strength and training in stroke and neurology: a systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(2):124-30.

  510. Sin DD, Wu L, Man SF. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest. 2005;127(6):1952-9.

  511. Reid WD, Geddes EL, Brooks D, OíBrien K, Crowe J. Inspiratory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Special series on Skeletal Muscle Training. Physiother Can. 2004;56(3):128-42.

  512. Sutbeyaz ST, Koseoglu F, Inan L, Coskun O. Respiratory muscle training improves cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance in subjects with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(3):240-50.

  513. Xiao Y, Luo M, Wang J, Luo H. Inspiratory muscle training for the recovery of function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD009360.

  514. Britto RR, Rezende NR, Marinho KC, Torres JL, Parreira VF, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Inspiratory muscular training in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(2):184-90.

  515. Yekutiel M, Guttman E. A controlled trial of the retraining of the sensory function of the hand in stroke patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(3):241-4.

  516. Glass TA, Matchar DB, Belyea M, Feussner JR. Impact of social support on outcome in first stroke. Stroke. 1993;24(1):64-70.

  517. Tsouna-Hadjis E, Vemmos KN, Zakopoulos N, Stamatelopoulos S. First-stroke recovery process: the role of family social support. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(7):881-7.

  518. Evans RL, Northwood LK. Social support needs in adjustment to stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64(2):61-4.

  519. Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF). Omgaan met de gevolgen van een beroerte. PatiÎntenfolder. Amersfoort: KNGF; 2009.

  520. Hersenstichting Nederland. PatiÎntenfolder Beroerte. Den Haag: Hersenstichting Nederland; 2010.

  521. Nederlandse Hartstichting. Beroerte, en dan? Den Haag: Nederlandse Hartstichting; 2013.

  522. Chong DK. Measurement of instrumental activities of daily living in stroke. Stroke. 1995;26(6):1119-22.

  523. Bernhardt J, Indredavik B, Dewey H, Langhorne P, Lindley R, Donnan G, et al. Mobilisation ëin bedí is not mobilisation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24(1):157-8.

  524. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Donnan G. Inactive and alone: physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke. 2004;35(4):1005-9.

  525. West T, Bernhardt J. Physical activity in hospitalised stroke patients. Stroke ResTreat. 2012;2012:813765.

  526. Diserens K, Michel P, Bogousslavsky J. Early mobilisation after stroke: Review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(2-3):183-90.

  527. Bernhardt J, Thuy MN, Collier JM, Legg LA. Very early versus delayed mobilisation after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD006187.

  528. Cumming TB, Collier J, Thrift AG, Bernhardt J. The effect of very early mobilisation after stroke on psychological well-being. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(8):609-14.

  529. Cumming TB, Plummer-DíAmato P, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Hemispatial neglect and rehabilitation in acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(11):1931-6.

  530. Cumming TB, Thrift AG, Collier JM, Churilov L, Dewey HM, Donnan GA, et al. Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2011;42(1):153-8.

  531. Tay-Teo K, Moodie M, Bernhardt J, Thrift AG, Collier J, Donnan G, et al. Economic evaluation alongside a phase II, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of very early rehabilitation after stroke (AVERT). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(5):475-81.

  532. Sorbello D, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Thrift AG, Collier JM, Donnan G, et al. Very early mobilisation and complications in the first 3 months after stroke: further results from phase II of A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):378-83.

  533. Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ. What is balance? Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(4):402-6.

  534. Nichols DS, Miller L, Colby LA, Pease WS. Sitting balance: its relation to function in individuals with hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(9):865-9.

  535. Dean CM, Channon EF, Hall JM. Sitting training early after stroke improves sitting ability and quality and carries over to standing up but not to walking: a randomised trial. Aust J Physiother. 2007;53(2):97-102.

  536. Ibrahimi N, Tufel S, Singh H, Maurya M. Effect of sitting balance training under varied sensory input on balance and quality of life in stroke patients. Ind J Physiother Occup Ther. 2010;4(2):40-5.

  537. Janssen WG, Bussmann HB, Stam HJ. Determinants of the sit-to-stand movement: a review. Phys Ther. 2002;82(9):866-79.

  538. Monger C, Carr JH, Fowler V. Evaluation of a home-based exercise and training programme to improve sit-to-stand in patients with chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(4):361-7.

  539. Engardt M, Ribbe T, Olsson E. Vertical ground reaction force feedback to enhance stroke patientsí symmetrical body-weight distribution while rising/sitting down. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1993;25(1):41-8.

  540. Barreca S, Sigouin CS, Lambert C, Ansley B. Effects of extra training on the ability of stroke survivors tp perform an independent ist-to-stand: a randomized controlled trial. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2004;27(2):59-68.

  541. Britton E, Harris N, Turton A. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of assisted practice for improving sit-to-stand in stroke patients in the hospital setting. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(5):458-68.

  542. Tung FL, Yang YR, Lee CC, Wang RY. Balance outcomes after additional sit-to-stand training in subjects with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(6):533-42.

  543. Varoqui D, Froger J, Pelissier JY, Bardy BG. Effect of coordination biofeedback on (re)learning preferred postural patterns in post-stroke patients. Motor Control. 2011;15(2):187-205.

  544. Haart M de, Geurts AC, Huidekoper SC, Fasotti L, Limbeek J van. Recovery of standing balance in postacute stroke patients: a rehabilitation cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):886-95.

  545. Bayouk JF, Boucher JP, Leroux A. Balance training following stroke: effects of task-oriented exercises with and without altered sensory input. Int J Rehabil Res. 2006;29(1):51-9.

  546. Allison R, Dennett R. Pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of additional supported standing practice on functional ability post stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(7):614-9.

  547. Morioka S, Yagi F. Effects of perceptual learning exercises on standing balance using a hardness discrimination task in hemiplegic patients following stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(6):600-7.

  548. Liston RA, Brouwer BJ. Reliability and validity of measures obtained from stroke patients using the Balance Master. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(5):425-30.

  549. Hamman RG, Mekjavic I, Mallinson AI, Longridge NS. Training effects during repeated therapy sessions of balance training using visual feedback. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(8):738-44.

  550. Kerdoncuff V, Durufle A, Petrilli S, Nicolas B, Robineau S, Lassalle A, et al. Interest of visual biofeedback training in rehabilitation of balance after stroke. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2004;47(4):169-76.

  551. Yavuzer G, Eser F, Karakus D, Karaoglan B, Stam HJ. The effects of balance training on gait late after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(11):960-9.

  552. Shumway-Cook A, Anson D, Haller S. Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(6):395-400.

  553. Grant T, Brouwer BJ, Culham EG. Balance retraining following acute stroke: a comparison of two methods. Can J Rehabil. 1997;11(2):69-73.

  554. Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Single blind randomized controlled trial of visual feedback after stroke: effects on stance symmetry and function. Disabil Rehabil. 1997;19(12):536-46.

  555. Walker C, Brouwer BJ, Culham EG. Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):886-95.

  556. Geiger RA, Allen JB, OíKeefe J, Hicks RR. Balance and mobility following stroke: effects of physical therapy interventions with and without biofeedback/forceplate training. Phys Ther. 2001;81(4):995-1005.

  557. Chen IC, Cheng PT, Chen CL, Chen SC, Chung CY, Yeh TH. Effects of balance training on hemiplegic stroke patients. Chang Gung Med J. 2002;25(9):583-90.

  558. Heller F, Beuret-Blanquart F, Weber J. Postural biofeedback and locomotion reeducation in stroke patients. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2005;48(4):187-95.

  559. Eser F, Yavuzer G, Karakus D, Karaoglan B. The effect of balance training on motor recovery and ambulation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44(1):19-25.

  560. Goljar N, Burger H, Rudolf M, Stanonik I. Improving balance in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Int J Rehabil Res. 2010;33(3):205-10.

  561. Marigold DS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Inglis JT, Harris JE, GylfadÛttir S. Exercise leads to faster postural reflexes, improved balance and mobility, and fewer falls in older persons with chronic stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(3):416-23.

  562. McClellan R, Ada L. A six-week, resource-efficient mobility program after discharge from rehabilitation improves standing in people affected by stroke: placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Aust J Physiother. 2004;50(3):163-7.

  563. Askim T, Morkved S, Engen A, Roos K, Aas T, Indredavik B. Effects of a community-based intensive motor training program combined with early supported discharge after treatment in a comprehensive stroke unit: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1697-703.

  564. Cheng PT, Wu SH, Liaw MY, Wong AM, Tang FT. Symmetrical body-weight distribution training in stroke patients and its effect on fall prevention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(12):1650-4.

  565. Bonan IV, Yelnik AP, Colle FM, Michaud C, Normand E, Panigot B, et al. Reliance on visual information after stroke. Part II: Effectiveness of a balance rehabilitation program with visual cue deprivation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(2):274-8.

  566. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Lafosse C, Saeys W, et al. Additional exercises improve trunk performance after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(3):281-6.

  567. Karthikbabu S, Nayak A, Vijayakumar K, Misri ZK, Suresh BV, Ganesan S, et al. Comparison of physio ball and plinth trunk exercises regimens on trunk control and functional balance in patients with acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011.

  568. Merkert J, Butz S, Nieczaj R, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Eckardt R. Combined whole body vibration and balance training using Vibrosphere(R): Improvement of trunk stability, muscle tone, and postural control in stroke patients during early geriatric rehabilitation. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2011.

  569. Nilsson L, Carlsson J, Danielsson A, Fugl-Meyer A, Hellstrˆm K, Kristensen L, et al. Walking training of patients with hemiparesis at an early stage after stroke: a comparison of walking training on a treadmill with body weight support and walking training on the ground. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(5):515-27.

  570. Moseley AM, Stark A, Cameron ID, Pollock A. Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(4):CD002840.

  571. Hesse S, Helm B, Krajnik J, Gregoric M, Mauritz KH. Treadmill training with partial body-weight support: Influence of body weight release on the gait of hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Rehabil. 1997;11(1):15-20.

  572. Danielsson A, Sunnerhagen KS. Oxygen consumption during treadmill walking with and without body weight support in patients with hemiparesis after stroke and in healthy subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(7):953-7.

  573. Hesse S, Werner C. Poststroke motor dysfunction and spasticity: novel pharmacological and physical treatment strategies. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(15):1093-107.

  574. Hassid E, Rose D, Commisarow J, Guttry M, Dobkin BH. Improved gait symmetry in hemiparetic stroke patients induced during body weight-supported treadmill stepping. J Neurol Rehabil. 1997;11(1):21-6.

  575. Hesse S, Konrad M, Uhlenbrock D. Treadmill walking with partial body weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(4):421-7.

  576. Barbeau H, Visintin M. Optimal outcomes obtained with body-weight support combined with treadmill training in stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(10):1458-65.

  577. Kosak MC, Reding MJ. Comparison of partial body weight-supported treadmill gait training versus aggressive bracing assisted walking post stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2000;14(1):13-9.

  578. Teixeira da Cunha Filho I, Lim PA, Qureshy H, Henson H, Monga T, Protas EJ. A comparison of regular rehabilitation and regular rehabilitation with supported treadmill ambulation training for acute stroke patients. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2001;38(2):245-55.

  579. Sullivan KJ, Knowlton BJ, Dobkin BH. Step training with body weight support: effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on poststroke locomotor recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(5):683-91.

  580. Suputtitada A, Yooktanan P, Rarerng-Ying T. Effect of partial body weight support treadmill training in chronic stroke patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87 Suppl 2:S107-S11.

  581. Yagura H, Hatakenaka M, Miyai I. Does therapeutic facilitation add to locomotor outcome of body weight--supported treadmill training in nonambulatory patients with stroke? A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(4):529-35.

  582. Sullivan KJ, Brown DA, Klassen T, Mulroy S, Ge T, Azen SP, et al. Effects of task-specific locomotor and strength training in adults who were ambulatory after stroke: results of the STEPS randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87(12):1580-602.

  583. Yen CL, Wang RY, Liao KK, Huang CC, Yang YR. Gait training induced change in corticomotor excitability in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(1):22-30.

  584. Franceschini M, Carda S, Agosti M, Antenucci R, Malgrati D, Cisari C. Walking after stroke: what does treadmill training with body weight support add to overground gait training in patients early after stroke?: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2009;40(9):3079-85.

  585. Westlake KP, Patten C. Pilot study of Lokomat versus manual-assisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post-stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009;6:18.

  586. Dean CM, Ada L, Bampton J, Morris ME, Katrak PH, Potts S. Treadmill walking with body weight support in subacute non-ambulatory stroke improves walking capacity more than overground walking: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2010;56(2):97-103.

  587. Ada L, Dean CM, Morris ME, Simpson JM, Katrak P. Randomized trial of treadmill walking with body weight support to establish walking in subacute stroke: the MOBILISE trial. Stroke. 2010;41(6):1237-42.

  588. Moore JL, Roth EJ, Killian C, Hornby TG. Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a plateau in recovery. Stroke. 2010;41(1):129-35.

  589. Takami A, Wakayama S. Effects of partial body weight support while training acute stroke patients to walk backwards on a treadmill - a controlled clinical trial using randomized allocation. J Phys Ther Sci. 2010;22(2):177-87.

  590. Yang YR, Chen IH, Liao KK, Huang CC, Wang RY. Cortical reorganization induced by body weight-supported treadmill training in patients with hemiparesis of different stroke durations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(4):513-8.

  591. Duncan P, Sullivan K, Behrman A, Azen S, Wu S, Nadeau S, et al. Body-weight-supported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(21):2026-36.

  592. Ada L, Dean CM, Hall JM, Bampton J, Crompton S. A treadmill and overground walking program improves walking in persons residing in the community after stroke: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(10):1486-91.

  593. Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD006185.

  594. Mehrholz J, Hadrich A, Platz T, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD006876.

  595. Schmidt H, Hese S, Bernhardt R, Kr¸ger J. HapticWalker - a novel haptic foot device. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception. 2005;2(2):166-80.

  596. Lammertse P, Frederiksen E, Ruiter B, editors. Haptic Master - a new high-performance haptic interface. Proc of Eurohaptics Conf. 2002.

  597. Asseldonk EHF van, Veneman JF, Ekkelenkamp R, Buurke JH, Helm FCT van der, Kooij H van der. Design and evaluation of the gait rehabilitation robot LOPES. In: Veneman JF, editor. The effects on walking of an impedance controlled robotic gait trainer. 2007.

  598. Veneman JF, Kruidhof R, Hekman EE, Ekkelenkamp R, Asseldonk EH van, Kooij H van der. Design and evaluation of the LOPES exoskeleton robot for interactive gait rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2007;15(3):379-86.

  599. Peurala SH, Tarkka IM, Pitk‰nen K, Sivenius J. The effectiveness of body weight-supported gait training and floor walking in patients with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1557-64.

  600. Tong R, Ng M, Li L. Effectiveness of gait training using an electromechanical gait trainer, with and without functional electric stimulation, in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(10):1298-304.

  601. Husemann B, Muller F, Krewer C, Heller S, Koenig E. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a robot-driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke. 2007;38(2):349-54.

  602. Mayr A, Kofler M, Quirbach E, Matzak H, Frohlich K, Saltuari L. Prospective, blinded, randomized crossover study of gait rehabilitation in stroke patients using the Lokomat gait orthosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(4):307-14.

  603. Pohl M, Werner C, Holzgraefe M, Kroczek G, Mehrholz J, Wingendorf I, et al. Repetitive locomotor training and physiotherapy improve walking and basic activities of daily living after stroke: a single-blind, randomized multicentre trial (DEutsche GAngtrainerStudie, DEGAS). Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(1):17-27.

  604. Mehrholz J, Werner C, Hesse S, Pohl M. Immediate and long-term functional impact of repetitive locomotor training as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy for non-ambulatory patients after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(11):830-6.

  605. Hornby TG, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, Demott T, Moore JL, Roth HR. Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke. 2008;39(6):1786-92.

  606. Lewek MD, Cruz TH, Moore JL, Roth HR, Dhaher YY, Hornby TG. Allowing intralimb kinematic variability during locomotor training poststroke improves kinematic consistency: a subgroup analysis from a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(8):829-39.

  607. Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M, Brady K, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(1):5-13.

  608. Peurala SH, Airaksinen O, Huuskonen P, Jakala P, Juhakoski M, Sandell K, et al. Effects of intensive therapy using gait trainer or floor walking exercises early after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(3):166-73.

  609. Schwartz I, Sajin A, Fisher I, Neeb M, Shochina M, Katz-Leurer M, et al. The effectiveness of locomotor therapy using robotic-assisted gait training in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. PM R. 2009;1(6):516-23.

  610. Fisher S, Lucas L, Thrasher TA. Robot-assisted gait training for patients with hemiparesis due to stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18(3):269-76.

  611. Morone G, Bragoni M, Iosa M, Angelis D de, Venturiero V, Coiro P, et al. Who may benefit from robotic-assisted gait training? A randomized clinical trial in patients with subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011. Sep;25(7):636-44.

  612. Peppen RP van, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hendriks HJ, Wees PJ van der, Dekker J. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: whatís the evidence? Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(8):833-62.

  613. Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Ruckriem S. Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2002;33(2):553-8.

  614. Ingen Schenau GJ van. Some fundamental aspects of the biomechanics of overground versus treadmill locomotion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12(4):257-61.

  615. Bayat R, Barbeau H, Lamontagne A. Speed and temporal-distance adaptations during treadmill and overground walking following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19(2):115-24.

  616. Kautz SA, Bowden MG, Clark DJ, Neptune RR. Comparison of motor control deficits during treadmill and overground walking poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(8):756-65.

  617. Liston R, Mickelborough J, Harris B, Hann A, Tallis R. Conventional physiotherapy and treadmill re-training for higher-level gait disorders in cerebrovascular disease. Age Ageing. 2000;29(4):311-8.

  618. Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, Hanley D, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, et al. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2206-11.

  619. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Goldberg AP, Macko RF. Treadmill aerobic training improves glucose tolerance and indices of insulin sensitivity in disabled stroke survivors: a preliminary report. Stroke. 2007;38(10):2752-8.

  620. Luft AR, Macko RF, Forrester LW, Villagra F, Ivey F, Sorkin JD, et al. Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3341-50.

  621. Ivey FM, Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS, Macko RF. Impaired leg vasodilatory function after stroke: adaptations with treadmill exercise training. Stroke. 2010;41(12):2913-7.

  622. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Macko RF. Improved cerebral vasomotor reactivity after exercise training in hemiparetic stroke survivors. Stroke. 2011;42(7):1994-2000.

  623. Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK. Exercise on a treadmill or walking outdoors? A randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of two walking exercise programmes late after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(1):46-54.

  624. Lau KW, Mak MK. Speed-dependent treadmill training is effective to improve gait and balance performance in patients with sub-acute stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2011.

  625. Olawale OA, Jaja SI, Anigbogu CN, Appiah-Kubi KO, Jones-Okai D. Exercise training improves walking function in an African group of stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(5):442-50.

  626. States RA, Pappas E, Salem Y. Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(3):CD006075.

  627. Jette DU, Latham NK, Smout RJ, Gassaway J, Slavin MD, Horn SD. Physical therapy interventions for patients with stroke in inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Phys Ther. 2005;85(3):238-48.

  628. Latham NK, Jette DU, Slavin M, Richards LG, Procino A, Smout RJ, et al. Physical therapy during stroke rehabilitation for people with different walking abilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S41-S50.

  629. Wall JC, Turnbull GI. Evaluation of out-patient physiotherapy and a home exercise program in the management of gait asymmetry in residual stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1987;1(3):115-23.

  630. Cunha Jr IT da, Lim PA, Qureshy H, Henson H, Monga T, Protas EJ. Gait outcomes after acute stroke rehabilitation with supported treadmill ambulation training: a randomized controlled pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(9):1258-65.

  631. Lin JH, Hsieh CL, Lo SK, Chai HM, Liao LR. Preliminary study of the effect of low-intensity home-based physical therapy in chronic stroke patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2004;20(1):18-23.

  632. Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Robichaud-Ekstrand S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Wood-Dauphinee S. The effect of a task-oriented walking intervention on improving balance self-efficacy poststroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):576-82.

  633. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, McKay HA, Harris JE. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1667-74.

  634. Yang YR, Wang RY, Chen YC, Kao MJ. Dual-task exercise improves walking ability in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(10):1236-40.

  635. Sungkarat S, Fisher BE, Kovindha A. Efficacy of an insole shoe wedge and augmented pressure sensor for gait training in individuals with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(4):360-9.

  636. Olawale OA, Jaja SI, Anigbogu CN, Appiah-Kubi KO, Jones-Okai D. Effects of two exercise training techniques on walking function in adult patients with stroke. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2009;19(2):88-94.

  637. Mandel AR, Nymark JR, Balmer SJ, Grinnell DM, OíRiain MD. Electromyographic versus rhythmic positional biofeedback in computerized gait retraining with stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(9):649-54.

  638. Mauritz KH. Gait training in hemiplegia. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9 Suppl 1:23-9.

  639. Schauer M, Steingruber W, Mauritz K. Effect of music on gait symmetry of stroke patients on a treadmill. Biomed Tech (Berl). 1996;41(10):291-6.

  640. Schauer M, Mauritz KH. Musical motor feedback (MMF) in walking hemiparetic stroke patients: randomized trials of gait improvement. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(7):713-22.

  641. Argstatter H, Hillecke TH, Thaut M, Bolay HV. Music therapy in motor rehabilitation. Evaluation of a musicomedical gait training programfor hemiparetic stroke patients [Musiktherapie in der neurologischen Rehabilitation. Evaluation eines musikmedizinischen Behandlungskonzepts f¸r die Gangrehabilitation von hemiparetischen Patienten nach Schlaganfall]. Neurol Rehabil. 2007;13(3):159-65.

  642. Jeong S, Kim MT. Effects of a theory-driven music and movement program for stroke survivors in a community setting. Appl Nurs Res. 2007;20(3):125-31.

  643. Lord S, McPherson KM, McNaughton HK, Rochester L, Weatherall M. How feasible is the attainment of community ambulation after stroke? A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate community-based physiotherapy in subacute stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(3):215-25.

  644. Lord SE, Rochester L. Measurement of community ambulation after stroke: current status and future developments. Stroke. 2005;36(7):1457-61.

  645. Patla A, Shumway-Cook A. Dimensions of mobility: defining the complexity and difficulty associated with community mobility. J Aging Phys Activity. 1999;7(1):7-19.

  646. Saposnik G, Levin M. Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a meta-analysis and implications for clinicians. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1380-6.

  647. Henderson A, Korner-Bitensky N, Levin M. Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of its effectiveness for upper limb motor recovery. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(2):52-61.

  648. Laver KE, George S, Thomas S, Deutsch JE, Crotty M. Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7(9):CD008349.

  649. Yang YR, Tsai MP, Chuang TY, Sung WH, Wang RY. Virtual reality-based training improves community ambulation in individuals with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Gait Posture. 2008;28(2):201-6.

  650. Jaffe DL, Brown DA, Pierson-Carey CD, Buckley EL, Lew HL. Stepping over obstacles to improve walking in individuals with poststroke hemiplegia. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(3A):283-92.

  651. Mirelman A, Bonato P, Deutsch JE. Effects of training with a robot-virtual reality system compared with a robot alone on the gait of individuals after stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(1):169-74.

  652. Mirelman A, Patritti BL, Bonato P, Deutsch JE. Effects of virtual reality training on gait biomechanics of individuals post-stroke. Gait Posture. 2010;31(4):433-7.

  653. You SH, Jang SH, Kim YH, Hallett M, Ahn SH, Kwon YH, et al. Virtual reality-induced cortical reorganization and associated locomotor recovery in chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind randomized study. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1166-71.

  654. Lam YS, Man DW, Tam SF, Weiss PL. Virtual reality training for stroke rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation. 2006;21(3):245-53.

  655. Kim JH, Jang SH, Kim CS, Jung JH, You JH. Use of virtual reality to enhance balance and ambulation in chronic stroke: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(9):693-701.

  656. Wevers L, Port I van de, Vermue M, Mead G, Kwakkel G. Effects of task-oriented circuit class training on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2450-9.

  657. English C, Hillier SL. Circuit class therapy for improving mobility after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(7):CD007513.

  658. Mudge S, Barber PA, Stott NS. Circuit-based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(12):1989-96.

  659. Cox KL, Burke V, Gorely TJ, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. Controlled comparison of retention and adherence in home- vs center-initiated exercise interventions in women ages 40-65 years: The S.W.E.A.T. Study (Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial). Prev Med. 2003;36(1):17-29.

  660. Dean CM, Mackey FH, Katrak P. Examination of shoulder positioning after stroke: A randomised controlled pilot trial. Aust J Physiother. 2000;46(1):35-40.

  661. Mortel E, Steultjens E. Participatie van familie bij revalidatie van CVA-patiÎnten in het verpleeghuis. Fysiother Ouderenzorg (F&O). 2011;25(1):20-9.

  662. Smith P, Galea M, Woodward M, Said C, Dorevitch M. Physical activity by elderly patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation is low: an observational study. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(3):209-13.

  663. Saunders DH, Greig CA, Mead GE, Young A. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(4):CD003316.

  664. Gordon NF, Gulanick M, Costa F, Fletcher G, Franklin BA, Roth EJ, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. Stroke. 2004;35(5):1230-40.

  665. Ivey FM, Macko RF, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE. Cardiovascular health and fitness after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12(1):1-16.

  666. Mackay-Lyons MJ, Howlett J. Exercise capacity and cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training early after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12(1):31-44.

  667. Billinger SA, Coughenour E, Mackay-Lyons MJ, Ivey FM. Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: biological consequences and exercise-induced adaptations. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:959120.

  668. Port IG van de, Wood-Dauphinee S, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86(11):935-51.

  669. Inaba M, Edberg E, Montgomery J, Gillis MK. Effectiveness of functional training, active exercise, and resistive exercise for patients with hemiplegia. PhysTher. 1973;53(1):28-35.

  670. Glasser L. Effects of isokinetic training on the rate of movement during ambulation in hemiparetic patients. Phys Ther. 1986;66(5):673-6.

  671. Kim CM, Eng JJ, MacIntyre DL, Dawson AS. Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double-blind controlled pilot study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10(6):265-73.

  672. Bourbonnais D, Bilodeau S, Lepage Y, Beaudoin N, Gravel D, Forget R. Effect of force-feedback treatments in patients with chronic motor deficits after a stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(12):890-7.

  673. Carr M, Jones J. Physiological effects of exercise on stroke survivors. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003;9(4):57-64.

  674. Moreland JD, Goldsmith CH, Huijbregts MP, Anderson RE, Prentice DM, Brunton KB, et al. Progressive resistance strengthening exercises after stroke: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(10):1433-40.

  675. Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, Phillips E, Stein J, Frontera WR, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self-reported function, and disability in long-term stroke survivors. Stroke. 2004;35(6):1404-9.

  676. Boissezon X de, Burlot S, Glezes S, Roques CF, Marque P. A randomized controlled trial to compare isokinetic and conventional muscular strengthening in poststroke patients. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2005:91-2.

  677. Akbari A, Karimi H. The effect of strengthening exercises in exaggerated muscle tonicity in chronic hemiparesis following stroke. J Med Sci. 2006;6(3):382-8.

  678. Tihanyi TK, Horvath M, Fazekas G, Hortobagyi T, Tihanyi J. One session of whole body vibration increases voluntary muscle strength transiently in patients with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(9):782-93.

  679. Flansbjer UB, Miller M, Downham D, Lexell J. Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(1):42-8.

  680. Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Lord SR, Raymond J, et al. Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: a randomized sham exercise-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(6):976-85.

  681. Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Davis GM. Effect of progressive resistance training on muscle performance after chronic stroke. MedSciSports Exerc. 2010;42(1):23-34.

  682. Page SJ, Levine P, Teepen J, Hartman EC. Resistance-based, reciprocal upper and lower limb locomotor training in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled crossover study. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(7):610-7.

  683. Singh SM. Closed vs. open kinematic chain exercises on gait performance in subacute stroke. Physiother Occup Ther J. 2008;1(2):73-89.

  684. Sims J, Galea M, Taylor N, Dodd K, Jespersen S, Joubert L, et al. Regenerate: assessing the feasibility of a strength-training program to enhance the physical and mental health of chronic post stroke patients with depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(1):76-83.

  685. Cooke EV, Tallis RC, Clark A, Pomeroy VM. Efficacy of functional strength training on restoration of lower-limb motor function early after stroke: phase I randomized controlled trial. NeurorehabilNeural Repair. 2010;24(1):88-96.

  686. Tihanyi J, Di Giminiani R, Tihanyi T, Gyulai G, Trzaskoma L, Horvath M. Low resonance frequency vibration affects strength of paretic and non-paretic leg differently in patients with stroke. Acta Physiol Hung. 2010;97(2):172-82.

  687. Kim C, Eng J, MacIntyre D, Dawson A. Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double-blind controlled pilot study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10(6):265-73.

  688. Moreland J, Goldsmith C, Huijbregts M, Anderson R, Prentice D, Brunton K, et al. Progressive resistance strengthening exercises after stroke: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(10):1433-40.

  689. Yang Y, Wang R, Lin K, Chu M, Chan R. Task-oriented progressive resistance strength training improves muscle strength and functional performance in individuals with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(10):860-70.

  690. Michael KM, Allen JK, Macko RF. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1552-6.

  691. Michael KM, Macko RF. Ambulatory activity intensity profiles, fitness, and fatigue in chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(2):5-12.

  692. Thompson WR, Gordon NF, Pescatello LS. ACSMís guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th edition ed: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.

  693. Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke. 1995;26(1):101-5.

  694. Katz-Leurer M, Carmeli E, Shochina M. The effect of early aerobic training on independence six months post stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(7):735-41.

  695. Katz-Leurer M, Shochina M. The influence of autonomic impairment on aerobic exercise outcome in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2007;22(4):267-72.

  696. Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Harris JE, Ozkaplan A, Gylfadottir S. Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):870-4.

  697. Kamps A, Sch¸le K. Cyclic movement training of the lower limb in stroke rehabilitation. Neurol Rehabil. 2005;11(5):S1-S12.

  698. Quaney BM, Boyd LA, McDowd JM, Zahner LH, He J, Mayo MS, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(9):879-85.

  699. Dobke B, Schule K, Diehl W, Kaiser T. Use of an assistive movement training apparatus in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Neurol Rehabil. 2010;16(4):173-85.

  700. Toledano-Zarhi A, Tanne D, Carmeli E, Katz-Leurer M. Feasibility, safety and efficacy of an early aerobic rehabilitation program for patients after minor ischemic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation. 2011;28(2):85-90.

  701. Duncan P, Richards L, Wallace D, Stoker-Yates J, Pohl P, Luchies C, et al. A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. Stroke. 1998;29(10):2055-60.

  702. Teixeira-Salmela LF, Olney SJ, Nadeau S, Brouwer B. Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning to reduce impairment and disability in chronic stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(10):1211-8.

  703. Rimmer JH, Riley B, Creviston T, Nicola T. Exercise training in a predominantly African American group of stroke survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(12):1990-6.

  704. Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S, Reker D, Lai SM, Richards L. Daily functioning and quality of life in a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic exercise for subacute stroke survivors. Stroke. 2005;36(8):1764-70.

  705. Lai SM, Studenski S, Richards L, Perera S, Reker D, Rigler S, et al. Therapeutic exercise and depressive symptoms after stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(2):240-7.

  706. Olney SJ, Nymark J, Brouwer B, Culham E, Day A, Heard J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of supervised versus unsupervised exercise programs for ambulatory stroke survivors. Stroke. 2006;37(2):476-81.

  707. Letombe A, Cornille C, Delahaye H, Khaled A, Morice O, Tomaszewski A, et al. Early post-stroke physical conditioning in hemiplegic patients: A preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;53(10):632-42.

  708. Outermans JC, Peppen RP van, Wittink H, Takken T, Kwakkel G. Effects of a high-intensity task-oriented training on gait performance early after stroke: a pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(11):979-87.

  709. Aquatic Therapy Association of Chartered Physiotherapists. 2008. Beschikbaar via www.wcpt.org.apti. Geraadpleegd 17 sept. 2012.

  710. Geytenbeek J. Aquatic physiotherapy evidence-based practice guide: National aquatic physiotherapy group, Australian Physiotherapy Assocation; 2008.

  711. Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. Water-based exercises for improving activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(1):CD008186.

  712. Lambeck J, Gamper U. The Halliwick Concept. In: Becker BE, Cole AJ, editors. Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. 3rd ed2010.

  713. Davies BC. Comprehensive aquatic therapy. Physiotherapy. 1967;53:57-9.

  714. Gamper UN, Lambeck J. The Bad Ragaz Ring Method. In: Becker BE, Cole AJ, editors. Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. 3e druk ed2010.

  715. Dull H. Watsu: freeing the body in water: Trafford Publishing; 2004.

  716. Sova R. Ai Chi - Balance, harmony and healing. Port Washington, WI: DSL, Ltd.; 1999.

  717. Lambeck J, Bommer A. Clinical Ai ChiÆ. In: Becker BE, Cole AJ, editors. Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. 3rd ed. 2010.

  718. Aidar FJ, Silva AJ, Reis VM, Carneiro A, Carneiro-Cotta S. A study of the quality of life in ischemic vascular accidents and its relation to physical activity [Estudio de la calidad de vida en el accidente vascular isquÈmico y sur relaciÛn con la actividad fÌsica]. Rev Neurol. 2007;45(9):518-22.

  719. Noh DK, Lim JY, Shin HI, Paik NJ. The effect of aquatic therapy on postural balance and muscle strength in stroke survivors--a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(10-11):966-76.

  720. Doyle S, Bennett S, Fasoli SE, McKenna KT. Interventions for sensory impairment in the upper limb after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(6):CD006331.

  721. Lynch EA, Hillier SL, Stiller K, Campanella RR, Fisher PH. Sensory retraining of the lower limb after acute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(9):1101-7.

  722. Wu HC, Lin YC, Hsu MJ, Liu SM, Hsieh CL, Lin JH. Effect of thermal stimulation on upper extremity motor recovery 3 months after stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2378-80.

  723. Torriani C, Mota EP, Moreira Sales AL, Ricci M, Nishida P, Marques L, et al. Effect of foot motor and sensorial stimulation hemiparetic in stroke patients. Rev Neurocienc. 2008;16(1):25-9.

  724. Chen JC, Lin CH, Wei YC, Hsiao J, Liang CC. Facilitation of motor and balance recovery by thermal intervention for the paretic lower limb of acute stroke: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011.

  725. Pomeroy V, King L, Pollock A, Baily-Hallam A, Langhorne P. Electrostimulation for promoting recovery of movement or functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(2):CD003241.

  726. Chae J, Yu B. Neuromuscular stimuliation for motor relearning in hemiplegia. Crit Rev Phys Rehab Med. 1999;11(3/4):279-97.

  727. Chae J, Sheffler L, Knutson J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for motor restoration in hemiplegia. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2008;15(5):412-26.

  728. Bogataj U, Gros N, Kljajic M, Acimovic R, Malezic M. The rehabilitation of gait in patients with hemiplegia: a comparison between conventional therapy and multichannel functional electrical stimulation therapy. Phys Ther. 1995;75(6):490-502.

  729. Merletti R, Zelaschi F, Latella D, Galli M, Angeli S, Sessa MB. A control study of muscle force recovery in hemiparetic patients during treatment with functional electrical stimulation. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1978;10(3):147-54.

  730. Burridge J, Taylor P, Hagan S, Wood D, Swain I. The effects of common peroneal stimulation on the effort and speed of walking: a randomized controlled trial with chronic hemiplegic patients. Clin Rehabil. 1997;11(3):201-10.

  731. Chen SC, Chen YL, Chen CJ, Lai CH, Chiang WH, Chen WL. Effects of surface electrical stimulation on the muscle-tendon junction of spastic gastrocnemius in stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(3):105-10.

  732. Janssen TW, Beltman JM, Elich P, Koppe PA, Konijnenbelt H, de Haan A, et al. Effects of electric stimulation-assisted cycling training in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):463-9.

  733. Winchester P, Montgomery J, Bowman B, Hislop H. Effects of feedback stimulation training and cyclical electrical stimulation on knee extension in hemiparetic patients. Phys Ther. 1983;63(7):1096-103.

  734. Macdonell RAL, Triggs WJ, Leikauskas J, Bourque M, Robb K, Day BJ, et al. Functional electrical stimulation to the affected lower limb and recovery after cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4(3):155-60.

  735. Tekeoglu Y, Adak B, Goksoy T. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index score following stroke. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12(4):277-80.

  736. Newsam CJ, Baker LL. Effect of an electric stimulation facilitation program on quadriceps motor unit recruitment after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(12):2040-5.

  737. Wright PA, Mann GE, Swain I. A comparison of electrical stimulation and the conventional ankle foot orthosis in the correction of a dropped foot following stroke. 2004 2004. Report No.: Final report to funder.

  738. Ng SS, Hui-Chan CW. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation combined with task-related training improves lower limb functions in subjects with chronic stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(11):2953-9.

  739. Ferrante S, Pedrocchi A, Ferrigno G, Molteni F. Cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation improves the muscular strength and the motor control of individuals with post-acute stroke. Europa Medicophysica-SIMFER 2007 Award Winner. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44(2):159-67.

  740. Kojovic J, Djuric-Jovicic M, Dosen S, Popovic MB, Popovic DB. Sensor-driven four-channel stimulation of paretic leg: functional electrical walking therapy. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;181(1):100-5.

  741. Mesci N, Ozdemir F, Kabayel DD, Tokuc B. The effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on clinical improvement in hemiplegic lower extremity rehabilitation in chronic stroke: a single-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(24):2047-54.

  742. Ng SS, Hui-Chan CW. Does the use of TENS increase the effectiveness of exercise for improving walking after stroke? A randomized controlled clinical trial. ClinRehabil. 2009;23(12):1093-103.

  743. Hui-Chan CW, Ng SS, Mak MK. Effectiveness of a home-based rehabilitation programme on lower limb functions after stroke. Hong Kong Med J. 2009;15(3 Suppl 4):42-6.

  744. Yan T, Hui-Chan CW. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation on acupuncture points improves muscle function in subjects after acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(5):312-6.

  745. Cheng JS, Yang YR, Cheng SJ, Lin PY, Wang RY. Effects of combining electric stimulation with active ankle dorsiflexion while standing on a rocker board: a pilot study for subjects with spastic foot after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(4):505-12.

  746. Ambrosini E, Ferrante S, Pedrocchi A, Ferrigno G, Molteni F. Cycling induced by electrical stimulation improves motor recovery in postacute hemiparetic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2011;42(4):1068-73.

  747. Moreland JD, Thomson MA, Fuoco AR. Electromyographic biofeedback to improve lower extremity function after stroke: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(2):134-40.

  748. Woodford H, Price C. EMG biofeedback for the recovery of motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(2):CD004585.

  749. Binder SA, Moll CB, Wolf SL. Evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback as an adjunct to therapeutic exercise in treating the lower extremities of hemiplegic patients. Phys Ther. 1981;61(6):886-93.

  750. Colborne GR, Olney SJ, Griffin MP. Feedback of ankle joint angle and soleus electromyography in the rehabilitation of hemiplegic gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(10):1100-6.

  751. Intiso D, Santilli V, Grasso MG, Rossi R, Caruso I. Rehabilitation of walking with electromyographic biofeedback in foot-drop after stroke. Stroke. 1994;25(6):1189-92.

  752. Mulder T, Hulstijn W, van der Meer J. EMG feedback and the restoration of motor control. A controlled group study of 12 hemiparetic patients. Am J Phys Med. 1986;65(4):173-88.

  753. Basmajian JV, Kukulka CG, Narayan MG, Takebe K. Biofeedback treatment of foot-drop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation technique: effects on voluntary control and strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1975;56(6):231-6.

  754. Hurd WW, Pegram V, Nepomuceno C. Comparison of actual and simulated EMG biofeedback in the treatment of hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med. 1980;59(2):73-82.

  755. John J. Failure of electrical myofeedback to augment the effects of physiotherapy in stroke. Int J Rehabil Res. 1986;9(1):35-45.

  756. Bradley L, Hart BB, Mandana S, Flowers K, Riches M, Sanderson P. Electromyographic biofeedback for gait training after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12(1):11-22.

  757. Johannsen L, Wing AM, Pelton T, Kitaka K, Zietz D, Brittle N, et al. Seated bilateral leg exercise effects on hemiparetic lower extremity function in chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(3):243-53.

  758. S¸tbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(5):555-9.

  759. Pomeroy VM, Evans B, Falconer M, Jones D, Hill E, Giakas G. An exploration of the effects of weighted garments on balance and gait of stroke patients with residual disability. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(4):390-7.

  760. Dobkin BH, Plummer-DíAmato P, Elashoff R, Lee J. International randomized clinical trial, stroke inpatient rehabilitation with reinforcement of walking speed (SIRROWS), improves outcomes. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(3):235-42.

  761. Robinson W, Smith R, Aung O, Ada L. No difference between wearing a night splint and standing on a tilt table in preventing ankle contracture early after stroke: a randomised trial. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(1):33-8.

  762. Kluding PM, Santos M. Effects of ankle joint mobilizations in adults poststroke: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):449-56.

  763. Rydwik E, Eliasson S, Akner G. The effect of exercise of the affected foot in stroke patients--a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(8):645-55.

  764. Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Bagheri H, Ghassabi H. Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of ankle plantarflexor spasticity in a unilateral stroke population: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;47(3):137-43.

  765. Paoloni M, Mangone M, Scettri P, Procaccianti R, Cometa A, Santilli V. Segmental muscle vibration improves walking in chronic stroke patients with foot drop: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(3):254-62.

  766. Nes IJ van, Latour H, Schils F, Meijer R, Kuijk A van, Geurts AC. Long-term effects of 6-week whole-body vibration on balance recovery and activities of daily living in the postacute phase of stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2331-5.

  767. Tyson SF, Ashburn A. The influence of walking aids on hemiplegic gait. Physiother Theory Pract. 1994;10(2):77-86.

  768. Kuan TS, Ysou JY, Su FC. Hemiplegic gait of stroke patients: the effect of using a cane. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(7):777-84.

  769. Laufer Y. Effects of one-point and four-point canes on balance and weight distribution in patients with hemiparesis. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(2):141-8.

  770. Lu CL, Yu B, Basford JR, Johnson ME, An KN. Influences of cane length on the stability of stroke patients. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1997;4(1):91-100.

  771. Tyson SF. Trunk kinematics in hemiplegic gait and the effect of walking aids. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(4):295-300.

  772. Tyson SF. The support taken through walking aids during hemiplegic gait. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12(5):395-401.

  773. Beckerman H, Becher J, Lankorst GJ, Verbeek AL. Walking ability of stroke patients: efficacy of tibial nerve blocking and a polypropylene ankle-foot orthosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(11):1144-51.

  774. Chen CL, Yeung KT, Wang CH, Chu HT, Yeh CY. Anterior ankle-foot orthosis effects on postural stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(12):1587-92.

  775. Beckerman H, Becher J, Lankhorst GJ, Verbeek ALM, Vogelaar TW. The efficacy of thermocoagulation of the tibial nerve and a polypropylene ankle-foot-orthosis on Spasticity of the leg in stroke patients: results of a randomized clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 1996;10(2):112-20.

  776. Corcoran PJ, Jebsen RH, Brengelmann GL, Simons BC. Effects of plastic and metal leg braces on speed and energy cost of hemiparetic ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(2):69-77.

  777. Diamond MF, Ottenbacher KJ. Effect of a tone-inhibiting dynamic ankle-foot orthosis on stride characteristics of an adult with hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 1990;70(7):423-30.

  778. Lehmann J, Esselman P, Ko M, Smith J, deLateur B, Dralle A. Plastic ankle-foot orthoses: evaluation of function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64(9):402-7.

  779. Tyson SF, Thornton HA. The effect of a hinged ankle foot orthosis on hemiplegic gait: objective measures and usersí opinions. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(1):53-8.

  780. Wong AM, Tang FT, Wu SH, Chen CM. Clinical trial of a low-temperature plastic anterior ankle foot orthosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71(1):41-3.

  781. Wit DC de, Buurke JH, Nijlant JM, IJzerman MJ, Hermens HJ. The effect of an ankle-foot orthosis on walking ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(5):550-7.

  782. Pohl M, Mehrholz J. Immediate effects of an individually designed functional ankle-foot orthosis on stance and gait in hemiparetic patients. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):324-30.

  783. Wang RY, Lin PY, Lee CC, Yang YR. Gait and balance performance improvements attributable to ankle-foot orthosis in subjects with hemiparesis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86(7):556-62.

  784. Tyson SF, Rogerson L. Assistive walking devices in nonambulant patients undergoing rehabilitation after stroke: the effects on functional mobility, walking impairments, and patientsí opinion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(3):475-9.

  785. Leung J, Moseley A. Impact of Ankle-Foot-Orthoses on gait and leg muscle activity in adults with hemiplegia ñ systematic literature review. Physiotherapy. 2003;89(1):39-55.

  786. Lehmann JF, Condon SM, Price R, deLateur BJ. Gait abnormalities in hemiplegia: their correction by ankle-foot orthoses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68(11):763-71.

  787. Vries J de. Evaluation of lower leg orthosis use following cerebrovascular accident. Int J Rehabil Res.14(3):239-43.

  788. Erel S, Uygur F, Engin Simsek I, Yakut Y. The effects of dynamic ankle-foot orthoses in chronic stroke patients at three-month follow-up: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(6):515-23.

  789. Barrett JA, Watkins C, Plant R, Dickinson H, Clayton L, Sharma AK, et al. The COSTAR wheelchair study: a two-centre pilot study of self-propulsion in a wheelchair in early stroke rehabilitation. Collaborative Stroke Audit and Research. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(1):32-41.

  790. Ada L, Goddard E, McCully J, Stavrinos T, Bampton J. Thirty minutes of positioning reduces the development of shoulder external rotation contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(2):230-4.

  791. Turton AJ, Britton E. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a daily muscle stretch regime to prevent contractures in the arm after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(6):600-12.

  792. Jong LD de, Nieuwboer A, Aufdemkampe G. Contracture preventive positioning of the hemiplegic arm in subacute stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(8):656-67.

  793. Gustafsson L, McKenna K. A programme of static positional stretches does not reduce hemiplegic shoulder pain or maintain shoulder range of motion - a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):277-86.

  794. Kollen BJ, Kwakkel G. Principes en effecten van fysiotherapeutische interventies op spasticiteit, een kritisch overzicht. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 1995;105(5):144-9.

  795. Rose V, Shah S. A comparative study on the immediate effects of hand orthosis on reduction of hypertonus. Aust Occup Ther J. 1980;34(2):59-64.

  796. Carey JR. Manual stretch: effect on finger movement control and force control in stroke subjects with spastic extrinsic finger flexor muscles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(11):888-94.

  797. Langlois S, Pederson L, MacKinnon JR. The effects of splinting on the spastic hemiplegic hand: report of a feasible study. Can J Occup Ther. 1991;58(1):17-25.

  798. Lannin NA, Cusick A, McCluskey A, Herbert HD. Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2007;38(1):111-6.

  799. Suat E, Engin SI, Nilgun B, Yavuz Y, Fatma U. Short- and long-term effects of an inhibitor hand splint in poststroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18(3):231-7.

  800. Robichaud JA, Agostinucci J, Linden DW van der. Effect of air-splint application on soleus muscle motoneuron reflex excitability in nondisabled subjects and subjects with cerebrovascular accidents. Phys Ther. 1992;72(3):176-83.

  801. Johnstone M. Current advances in the use of pressure splints in the management of adult hemiplegia. Physiotherapy. 1989;75(7):381-4.

  802. Poole JL, Whitney SL, Hangeland N, Baker C. The effectiveness of inflatable pressure splints on motor function in stroke patients. Occup Ther J Res. 1990;10(6):360-6.

  803. Feys H, Weerdt W de, Verbeke G, Steck GC, Capiau C, Kiekens C, et al. Early and repetitive stimulation of the arm can substantially improve the long-term outcome after stroke: a 5-year follow-up study of a randomized trial. Stroke. 2004;35(4):924-9.

  804. Cambier DC, Corte E de, Danneels LA, Witvrouw EE. Treating sensory impairments in the post-stroke upper limb with intermittent pneumatic compression. Results of a preliminary trial. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(1):14-20.

  805. Platz T, van Kaick S, Mehrholz J, Leidner O, Eickhof C, Pohl M. Best conventional therapy versus modular impairment-oriented training for arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicenter randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(7):706-16.

  806. Ada L, Foongchomcheay A, Canning C. Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(1):CD003863.

  807. Hanger HC, Whitewood P, Brown G, Ball MC, Harper J, Cox R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of strapping to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(4):370-80.

  808. Ancliffe J. Strapping the shoulder in patients following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA): a pilot study. Aust J Physiother. 1992;38(1):37-41.

  809. Morin L, Bravo G. Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder: a radiographic evaluation of its efficacy to reduce subluxation. Physiother Can. 1997;49(2):103-8.

  810. Turner-Stokes L, Jackson D. Shoulder pain after stroke: a review of the evidence base to inform the development of an integrated care pathway. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(3):276-98.

  811. Snels IA, Dekker JH, Lee JH van der, Lankhorst GJ, Beckerman H, Bouter LM. Treating patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(2):150-60.

  812. Griffin A, Bernhardt J. Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder prevents development of pain during rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):287-95.

  813. Appel C, Mayston M, Perry L. Feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial protocol to examine clinical effectiveness of shoulder strapping in acute stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(9):833-43.

  814. Mudie MH, Matyas TA. Can simultaneous bilateral movement involve the undamaged hemisphere in reconstruction of neural networks damaged by stroke? Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(1-2):23-37.

  815. Whitall J, McCombe Waller S, Silver KH, Macko RF. Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2390-5.

  816. Delden AL van, Peper CL, Harlaar J, Daffertshofer A, Zijp NI, Nienhuys K, et al. Comparing unilateral and bilateral upper limb training: the ULTRA-stroke program design. BMC Neurol. 2009;6(9):57.

  817. Cauraugh JH, Kim S. Two coupled motor recovery protocols are better than one: electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation and bilateral movements. Stroke. 2002;33(6):1589-94.

  818. Cauraugh JH, Kim S. Progress toward motor recovery with active neuromuscular stimulation: muscle activation pattern evidence after a stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2003;207(1-2):25-9.

  819. Asanuma H, Keller A. Neuronal mechanisms of motor learning in mammals. Neuroreport. 1991;2(5):217-24.

  820. Mudie MH, Matyas TA. Responses of the densely hemiplegic upper extremity to bilateral training. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2001;15(2):129-40.

  821. Platz T, Bock S, Prass K. Reduced skilfulness of arm motor behaviour among motor stroke patients with good clinical recovery: does it indicate reduced automaticity? Can it be improved by unilateral or bilateral training? A kinematic motion analysis study. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(7):687-98.

  822. Cauraugh JH, Kim SB, Duley A. Coupled bilateral movements and active neuromuscular stimulation: intralimb transfer evidence during bimanual aiming. Neurosci Lett. 2005;382(1-2):39-44.

  823. Summers JJ, Kagerer FA, Garry MI, Hiraga CY, Loftus A, Cauraugh JH. Bilateral and unilateral movement training on upper limb function in chronic stroke patients: A TMS study. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252(1):76-82.

  824. Cauraugh JH, Kim SB, Summers JJ. Chronic stroke longitudinal motor improvements: cumulative learning evidence found in the upper extremity. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(1-2):115-21.

  825. Morris JH, Wijk F van, Joice S, Ogston SA, Cole I, Macwalter RS. A comparison of bilateral and unilateral upper-limb task training in early poststroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(7):1237-45.

  826. Cauraugh JH, Coombes SA, Lodha N, Naik SK, Summers JJ. Upper extremity improvements in chronic stroke: coupled bilateral load training. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2009;27(1):17-25.

  827. Stoykov ME, Lewis GN, Corcos DM. Comparison of bilateral and unilateral training for upper extremity hemiparesis in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(9):945-53.

  828. Hayner K, Gibson G, Giles GM. Comparison of constraint-induced movement therapy and bilateral treatment of equal intensity in people with chronic upper-extremity dysfunction after cerebrovascular accident. Am J Occup Ther. 2010;64(4):528-39.

  829. Lin KC, Chen YA, Chen CL, Wu CY, Chang YF. The effects of bilateral arm training on motor control and functional performance in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(1):42-51.

  830. Wu CY, Hsieh YW, Lin KC, Chuang LL, Chang YF, Liu HL, et al. Brain reorganization after bilateral arm training and distributed constraint-induced therapy in stroke patients: a preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chang Gung Med J. 2010;33(6):628-38.

  831. Sirtori V, Corbetta D, Moja L, Gatti R. Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(4):CD004433.

  832. Wolf S, Winstein C, Miller J, Taub E, Uswatte G, Morris D, et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;296(17):2095-104.

  833. Nijland R, Wegen E van, Krogt H van der, Bakker C, Klomp A, Kordelaar J van, et al. Characterizing the protocol for early modified constraint-induced movement therapy in the EXPLICIT-stroke trial. Physiother Res Int. 2013;18(1):1-15.

  834. Morris MD, Taub E, Mark VW. Constraint-induced movement therapy: characterizing the intervention protocol. Eura Medicophys. 2006;42(3):189.

  835. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook 3rd EW, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(4):347-54.

  836. Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Hahn M. Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke? Stroke. 2000;31(12):2984-8.

  837. Page SJ, Sisto SA, Levine P, Johnston MV, Hughes M. Modified constraint induced therapy: a randomized feasibility and efficacy study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2001;38(5):583-90.

  838. Page SJ, Sisto S, Johnston MV, Levine P. Modified constraint-induced therapy after subacute stroke: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2002;16(3):290-5.

  839. Wittenberg GF, Chen R, Ishii K, Bushara KO, Eckloff S, Croarkin E, et al. Constraint-induced therapy in stroke: magnetic-stimulation motor maps and cerebral activation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2003;17(1):48-57.

  840. Alberts JL, Butler AJ, Wolf SL. The effects of constraint-induced therapy on precision grip: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18(4):250-8.

  841. Atteya AA. Effects of modified constraint induced therapy on upper limb function in subacute stroke patients. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2004;9(1):24-9.

  842. Page SJ, Sisto S, Levine P, McGrath RE. Efficacy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(1):14-8.

  843. Ploughman M, Corbett D. Can forced-use therapy be clinically applied after stroke? An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(9):1417-23.

  844. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard AC. Modified constraint-induced therapy in acute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19(1):27-32.

  845. Yen JG, Wang RY, Chen HH, Hong CT. Effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on upper limb function in stroke subjects. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2005;14(1):16-20.

  846. Ro T, Noser E, Boake C, Johnson R, Gaber M, Speroni A, et al. Functional reorganization and recovery after constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke: case reports. Neurocase. 2006;12(1):50-60.

  847. Brogardh C, Sjolund BH. Constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with stroke: a pilot study on effects of small group training and of extended mitt use. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):218-27.

  848. Wolf SL, Thompson PA, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, Blanton SR, Nichols-Larsen DS, et al. The EXCITE stroke trial: comparing early and delayed constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2309-15.

  849. Boake C, Noser EA, Ro T, Baraniuk S, Gaber M, Johnson R, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy during early stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(1):14-24.

  850. Lin KC, Wu CY, Wei TH, Lee CY, Liu JS. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on reach-to-grasp movements and functional performance after chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(12):1075-86.

  851. Dahl AE, Askim T, Stock R, Langorgen E, Lydersen S, Indredavik B. Short- and long-term outcome of constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke: a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(5):436-47.

  852. Kim DG, Cho YW, Hong JH, Song JC, Chung HA, Bai DS, et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy with modified opposition restriction orthosis in chronic hemiparetic patients with stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008;23(3):239-44.

  853. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard A, Szaflarski JP, Kissela BM. Modified constraint-induced therapy in chronic stroke: results of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88(3):333-40.

  854. Sawaki L, Butler AJ, Leng X, Wassenaar PA, Mohammad YM, Blanton S, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy results in increased motor map area in subjects 3 to 9 months after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(5):505-13.

  855. Azab M, Al-Jarrah M, Nazzal M, Maayah M, Sammour MA, Jamous M. Effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) as home-based therapy on Barthel Index in patients with chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16(3):207-11.

  856. Brogardh C, Vestling M, Sjolund BH. Shortened constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke - no effect of using a restraint: a randomized controlled study with independent observers. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(4):231-6.

  857. Brogardh C, Lexell J. A 1-year follow-up after shortened constraint-induced movement therapy with and without mitt poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(3):460-4.

  858. Dromerick AW, Lang CE, Birkenmeier RL, Wagner JM, Miller JP, Videen TO, et al. Very Early Constraint-Induced Movement during Stroke Rehabilitation (VECTORS): A single-center RCT. Neurology. 2009;73(3):195-201.

  859. Hammer A, Lindmark B. Is forced use of the paretic upper limb beneficial? A randomized pilot study during subacute post-stroke recovery. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(5):424-33.

  860. Woodbury ML, Howland DR, McGuirk TE, Davis SB, Senesac CR, Kautz S, et al. Effects of trunk restraint combined with intensive task practice on poststroke upper extremity reach and function: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(1):78-91.

  861. Sun SF, Hsu CW, Sun HP, Hwang CW, Yang CL, Wang JL. Combined botulinum toxin type A with modified constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke patients with upper extremity spasticity: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(1):34-41.

  862. Wang Q, Zhao JL, Zhu QX, Li J, Meng PP. Comparison of conventional therapy, intensive therapy and modified constraint-induced movement therapy to improve upper extremity function after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(7):619-25.

  863. Gauthier LV, Taub E, Perkins C, Ortmann M, Mark VW, Uswatte G. Remodeling the brain: plastic structural brain changes produced by different motor therapies after stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(5):1520-5.

  864. Johnson MJ. Recent trends in robot-assisted therapy environments to improve real-life functional performance after stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2006;3:29.

  865. Aisen ML, Krebs HI, Hogan N, McDowell F, Volpe BT. The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitative training on motor recovery following stroke. Arch Neurol. 1997;54(4):443-6.

  866. Volpe BT, Krebs HI, Hogan N, Edelstein OTRL, Diels C, Aisen M. A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation: robot-aided sensorimotor stimulation. Neurology. 2000;54(10):1938-44.

  867. Stein J, Krebs HI, Frontera WR, Fasoli SE, Hughes R, Hogan N. Comparison of two techniques of robot-aided upper limb exercise training after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(9):720-8.

  868. Daly JJ, Hogan N, Perepezko EM, Krebs HI, Rogers JM, Goyal KS, et al. Response to upper-limb robotics and functional neuromuscular stimulation following stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(6):723-36.

  869. Hesse S, Werner C, Pohl M, Rueckriem S, Mehrholz J, Lingnau ML. Computerized arm training improves the motor control of the severely affected arm after stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers. Stroke. 2005;36(9):1960-6.

  870. Kahn LE, Zygman ML, Rymer WZ, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Robot-assisted reaching exercise promotes arm movement recovery in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2006;3:12.

  871. Mayr A, Kofler M, Saltuari L. ARMOR: an electromechanical robot for upper limb training following stroke. A prospective randomised controlled pilot study. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2008;40(1):66-73.

  872. Rabadi M, Galgano M, Lynch D, Akerman M, Lesser M, Volpe B. A pilot study of activity-based therapy in the arm motor recovery post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1071-82.

  873. Takahashi CD, Der-Yeghiaian L, Le V, Motiwala RR, Cramer SC. Robot-based hand motor therapy after stroke. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 2):425-37.

  874. Ellis MD, Sukal-Moulton T, Dewald JP. Progressive shoulder abduction loading is a crucial element of arm rehabilitation in chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(8):862-9.

  875. Housman SJ, Scott KM, Reinkensmeyer DJ. A randomized controlled trial of gravity-supported, computer-enhanced arm exercise for individuals with severe hemiparesis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(5):505-14.

  876. Hu XL, Tong KY, Song R, Zheng XJ, Leung WW. A comparison between electromyography-driven robot and passive motion device on wrist rehabilitation for chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(8):837-46.

  877. Kutner NG, Zhang R, Butler AJ, Wolf SL, Alberts JL. Quality-of-life change associated with robotic-assisted therapy to improve hand motor function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2010;90(4):493-504.

  878. Lo AC, Guarino PD, Richards LG, Haselkorn JK, Wittenberg GF, Federman DG, et al. Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(19):1772-83.

  879. Masiero S, Armani M, Rosati G. Upper-limb robot-assisted therapy in rehabilitation of acute stroke patients: focused review and results of new randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48(4):355-66.

  880. Burgar CG, Lum PS, Scremin AM, Garber SL, van der Loos HF, Kenney D, et al. Robot-assisted upper-limb therapy in acute rehabilitation setting following stroke: Department of Veterans Affairs multisite clinical trial. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48(4):445-58.

  881. Conroy SS, Whitall J, Dipietro L, Jones-Lush LM, Zhan M, Finley MA, et al. Effect of gravity on robot-assisted motor training after chronic stroke: a randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(11):1754-61.

  882. Rothgangel AS, Morton A, van der Hout JE, Beurskens AJHM. Phantoms in the brain: spiegeltherapie bij chronische CVA-patiÎnten; een pilot-study. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2004;114(2):36-40.

  883. Michielsen ME, Selles RW, Geest JN van der, Eckhardt M, Yavuzer G, Stam HJ, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):223-33.

  884. Cacchio A, Blasis E de, Blasis V de, Santilli V, Spacca G. Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(8):792-9.

  885. Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, Foster C, Galasko D, Llewellyn DM, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2035-6.

  886. Cacchio A, Blasis E de, Necozione S, di Orio F, Santilli V. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(6):634-6.

  887. Dohle C, Pullen J, Nakaten A, Kust J, Rietz C, Karbe H. Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(3):209-17.

  888. Carey JR, Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Dorsey L, Rundquist P, et al. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):773-88.

  889. Piron L, Tonin P, Atzori AM, Zucconi C, Massaro C, Trivello E, et al. The augmented-feedback rehabilitation technique facilitates the arm motor recovery in patients after a recent stroke. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2003;94:265-7.

  890. Piron L, Tombolini A, Turolla C, Zucconi C, Agostini M, Dam M, et al. Reinforced feedback in virtual environment facilitates the arm motor recovery in patients after a recent stroke. IEEE. 2007:121-3.

  891. Jang SH, You SH, Hallett M, Cho YW, Park CM, Cho SH, et al. Cortical reorganization and associated functional motor recovery after virtual reality in patients with chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind preliminary study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(11):2218-23.

  892. Broeren J, Claesson L, Goude D, Rydmark M, Sunnerhagen KS. Virtual rehabilitation in an activity centre for community-dwelling persons with stroke. The possibilities of 3-dimensional computer games. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(3):289-96.

  893. Crosbie JH, Lennon S, McDonough S. Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of the upper limb following hemiplegic stroke: a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT)2007.

  894. Piron L, Turolla A, Tonin P, Piccione F, Lain L, Dam M. Satisfaction with care in post-stroke patients undergoing a telerehabilitation programme at home. J Telemed Telecare. 2008;14(5):257-60.

  895. Sucar L, Luis R, Leder R, Hernandez J, Sanchez I. Gesture therapy: a vision-based system for upper extremity stroke rehabilitation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:3690-3.

  896. Saposnik G, Teasell R, Mamdani M, Hall J, McIlroy W, Cheung D, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle. Stroke. 2010;41(7):1477-84.

  897. Carey JR, Durfee WK, Bhatt E, Nagpal A, Weinstein SA, Anderson KM, et al. Comparison of finger tracking versus simple movement training via telerehabilitation to alter hand function and cortical reorganization after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(3):216-32.

  898. Silva Cameirao M da, Berm˙dez I Badia S, Duarte E, Verschure PF. Virtual reality based rehabilitation speeds up functional recovery of the upper extremities after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study in the acute phase of stroke using the Rehabilitation Gaming System. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29(5):287-98.

  899. Fischer HC, Stubblefield K, Kline T, Luo X, Kenyon RV, Kamper DG. Hand rehabilitation following stroke: a pilot study of assisted finger extension training in a virtual environment. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(1):1-12.

  900. Carmeli E, Peleg S, Bartur G, Elbo E, Vatine JJ. HandTutor(TM) enhanced hand rehabilitation after stroke - a pilot study. Physiother Res Int. 2010;16(4):191-200.

  901. Crosbie JH, Lennon S, McGoldrick MC, McNeill MD, McDonough SM. Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of the arm after hemiplegic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(9):798-806.

  902. Hemmen B, Seelen HA. Effects of movement imagery and electromyography-triggered feedback on arm hand function in stroke patients in the subacute phase. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(7):587-94.

  903. Meilink A, Hemmen B, Seelen HA, Kwakkel G. Impact of EMG-triggered neuromuscular stimulation of the wrist and finger extensors of the paretic hand after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(4):291-305.

  904. Bowman BR, Baker LL, Waters RL. Positional feedback and electrical stimulation: an automated treatment for the hemiplegic wrist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979;60(11):497-502.

  905. Baker LL, Parker K. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the muscles surrounding the shoulder. Phys Ther. 1986;66(12):1930-7.

  906. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Corrieri N, Rigardo S. Comparison of TENS treatments in hemiplegic shoulder pain. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1990;22(2):69-71.

  907. Faghri PD, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Bors JG, Ho C, Akuthota P. The effects of functional electrical stimulation on shoulder subluxation, arm function recovery, and shoulder pain in hemiplegic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(1):73-9.

  908. Faghri PD. The effects of neuromuscular stimulation-induced muscle contraction versus elevation on hand edema in CVA patients. J Hand Ther. 1997;10(1):29-34.

  909. King 2nd TI. The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in reducing tone. Am J Occup Ther. 1996;50(1):62-4.

  910. Sonde L, Gip C, Fernaeus SE, Nilsson CG, Viitanen M. Stimulation with low frequency (1.7 Hz) transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (low-tens) increases motor function of the post-stroke paretic arm. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1998;30(2):95-9.

  911. Sonde L, Kalimo H, Fernaeus SE, Viitanen M. Low TENS treatment on post-stroke paretic arm: a three-year follow-up. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(1):14-9.

  912. Linn SL, Granat MH, Lees KR. Prevention of shoulder subluxation after stroke with electrical stimulation. Stroke. 1999;30(5):963-8.

  913. Cauraugh J, Light K, Kim S, Thigpen M, Behrman A. Chronic motor dysfunction after stroke: recovering wrist and finger extension by electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1360-4.

  914. Wang RY, Chan RC, Tsai MW. Functional electrical stimulation on chronic and acute hemiplegic shoulder subluxation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79(4):385-90.

  915. Wang RY, Yang YR, Tsai MW, Wang WT, Chan RC. Effects of functional electric stimulation on upper limb motor function and shoulder range of motion in hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(4):283-90.

  916. Cauraugh JH, Kim SB. Chronic stroke motor recovery: duration of active neuromuscular stimulation. J Neurol Sci. 2003;215(1-2):13-9.

  917. Cauraugh JH, Kim SB. Stroke motor recovery: active neuromuscular stimulation and repetitive practice schedules. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(11):1562-6.

  918. Kroon JR de, IJzerman MJ, Lankhorst GJ, Zilvold G. Electrical stimulation of the upper limb in stroke: stimulation of the extensors of the hand vs. alternate stimulation of flexors and extensors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(8):592-600.

  919. Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Dorsey LL, Lojovich JM, Carey JR. Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154(4):450-60.

  920. Gabr U, Levine P, Page SJ. Home-based electromyography-triggered stimulation in chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(7):737-45.

  921. Mann GE, Burridge JH, Malone LJ, Strike PW. A pilot study to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation on recovery of hand function and sensation in subacute stroke patients. Neuromodulation. 2005;8(3):193-202.

  922. Church C, Price C, Pandyan AD, Huntley S, Curless R, Rodgers H. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the shoulder after acute stroke. Stroke. 2006;37(12):2995-3001.

  923. Hara Y, Ogawa S, Muraoka Y. Hybrid power-assisted functional electrical stimulation to improve hemiparetic upper-extremity function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85(12):977-85.

  924. Alon G, Levitt AF, McCarthy PA. Functional electrical stimulation enhancement of upper extremity functional recovery during stroke rehabilitation: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(3):207-15.

  925. Bhatt E, Nagpal A, Greer KH, Grunewald TK, Steele JL, Wiemiller JW, et al. Effect of finger tracking combined with electrical stimulation on brain reorganization and hand function in subjects with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2007;182(4):435-47.

  926. Kowalczewski J, Gritsenko V, Ashworth N, Ellaway P, Prochazka A. Upper-extremity functional electric stimulation-assisted exercises on a workstation in the subacute phase of stroke recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(7):833-9.

  927. McDonnell MN, Hillier SL, Miles TS, Thompson PD, Ridding MC. Influence of combined afferent stimulation and task-specific training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):435-43.

  928. Alon G, Levitt AF, McCarthy PA. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) may modify the poor prognosis of stroke survivors with severe motor loss of the upper extremity: a preliminary study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(8):627-36.

  929. Barker RN, Brauer SG, Carson RG. Training of reaching in stroke survivors with severe and chronic upper limb paresis using a novel nonrobotic device: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2008;39(6):1800-7.

  930. Barker RN, Brauer S, Carson R. Training-induced changes in the pattern of triceps to biceps activation during reaching tasks after chronic and severe stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2009;196(4):483-96.

  931. Kroon JR de, IJzerman MJ. Electrical stimulation of the upper extremity in stroke: cyclic versus EMG-triggered stimulation. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(8):690-7.

  932. Hara Y, Ogawa S, Tsujiuchi K, Muraoka Y. A home-based rehabilitation program for the hemiplegic upper extremity by power-assisted functional electrical stimulation. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(4):296-304.

  933. Shin HK, Cho SH, Jeon HS, Lee YH, Song JC, Jang SH, et al. Cortical effect and functional recovery by the electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation in chronic stroke patients. Neurosci Lett. 2008;442(3):174-9.

  934. Chan MK, Tong RK, Chung KY. Bilateral upper limb training with functional electric stimulation in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(4):357-65.

  935. Klaiput A, Kitisomprayoonkul W. Increased pinch strength in acute and subacute stroke patients after simultaneous median and ulnar sensory stimulation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(4):351-6.

  936. Mangold S, Schuster C, Keller T, Zimmermann-Schlatter A, Ettlin T. Motor training of upper extremity with functional electrical stimulation in early stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(2):184-90.

  937. Hsu SS, Hu MH, Wang YH, Yip PK, Chiu JW, Hsieh CL. Dose-response relation between neuromuscular electrical stimulation and upper-extremity function in patients with stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(4):821-4.

  938. Koyuncu E, Nakipoglu-Y¸zer GF, Dogan A, Ozgirgin N. The effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(7):560-6.

  939. Lin Z, Yan T. Long-term effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for promoting motor recovery of the upper extremity after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(6):506-10.

  940. Sentandreu Mano T, Salom Terradez JR, Tomas JM, Melendez Moral JC, Fuente Fernandez TD, Company JosÈ C. Electrical stimulation in the treatment of the spastic hemiplegic hand after stroke: a ramdomized study. Med Clin (Barc). 2011.

  941. Tarkka IM, Pitk‰nen K, Popovic DB, Vanninen R, Kˆnˆnen M. Functional electrical therapy for hemiparesis alleviates disability and enhances neuroplasticity. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;225(1):71-6.

  942. Smith KN. Biofeedback in strokes. Aust J Physiother. 1979;25(4):155-61.

  943. Greenberg S, Fowler Jr RS. Kinesthetic biofeedback: a treatment modality for elbow range of motion in hemiplegia. Am J Occup Ther. 1980;34(11):738-43.

  944. Basmajian JV, Gowland C, Brandstater ME, Swanson L, Trotter J. EMG feedback treatment of upper limb in hemiplegic stroke patients: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63(12):613-6.

  945. Williams JM. Use of electromyographic biofeedback for pain reduction in the spastic hemiplegic shoulder: a pilot study. Physiother Can. 1982;34(6):327-33.

  946. Inglis J, Donald MW, Monga TN, Sproule M, Young MJ. Electromyographic biofeedback and physical therapy of the hemiplegic upper limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65(12):755-9.

  947. Crow JL, Lincoln NB, Nouri FM, De WW. The effectiveness of EMG biofeedback in the treatment of arm function after stroke. Int Disabil Stud. 1989;11(4):155-60.

  948. Bate PJ, Matyas TA. Negative transfer of training following brief practice of elbow tracking movements with electromyographic feedback from spastic antagonists. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(11):1050-8.

  949. Thielman GT, Dean CM, Gentile AM. Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: task-related training versus progressive resistive exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(10):1613-8.

  950. Thielman G, Kaminski T, Gentile AM. Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: comparing 2 training protocols utilizing trunk restraint. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(6):697-705.

  951. Michaelsen SM, Levin MF. Short-term effects of practice with trunk restraint on reaching movements in patients with chronic stroke: a controlled trial. Stroke. 2004;35(8):1914-9.

  952. Michaelsen SM, Dannenbaum R, Levin MF. Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial. Stroke. 2006;37(1):186-92.

  953. Thielman G. Rehabilitation of reaching poststroke: a randomized pilot investigation of tactile versus auditory feedback for trunk control. JNeurolPhysTher. 2010;34(3):138-44.

  954. Heldmann B, Kerkhoff G, Struppler A, Havel P, Jahn T. Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation alleviates tactile extinction. Neuroreport. 2000;11(14):3193-8.

  955. Byl NN, Pitsch EA, Abrams GM. Functional outcomes can vary by dose: learning-based sensorimotor training for patients stable poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(5):494-504.

  956. Wolny T, Saulicz E, Gnat R, Kokosz M. Butlerís neuromobilizations combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are effective in reducing of upper limb sensory in late-stage stroke subjects: a three-group randomized trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(9):810-21.

  957. Carey L, Macdonell R, Matyas TA. SENSe: Study of the Effectiveness of Neurorehabilitation on Sensation: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(4):304-13.

  958. Lynch D, Ferraro M, Krol J, Trudell CM, Christos P, Volpe BT. Continuous passive motion improves shoulder joint integrity following stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(6):594-9.

  959. Stein J, Hughes R, DíAndrea S, Therrien B, Niemi J, Krebs K, et al. Stochastic resonance stimulation for upper limb rehabilitation poststroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89(9):697-705.

  960. Stinear CM, Barber PA, Coxon JP, Fleming MK, Byblow WD. Priming the motor system enhances the effects of upper limb therapy in chronic stroke. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 5):1381-90.

  961. Wang T, Wang X, Wang H, He X, Su J, Zhu Y, et al. Effects of ULEM apparatus on motor function of patients with stroke. Brain Inj. 2007;21(11):1203-8.

  962. Hesse S, Werner C, Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Puzich U, Krebs HI. Mechanical arm trainer for the treatment of the severely affected arm after a stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(10):779-88.

  963. Nouri FM, Lincoln MB. An extended activities of daily living scale for stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 1987;1(4):301-5.

  964. Donkervoort M, Dekker J, Stehmann-Saris FC, Deelman BG. Efficacy of strategy training in left hemisphere stroke patients with apraxia: A randomised clinical trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2001;11(5):549-66.

  965. ¡rnadÛttir G. The brain and behavior: assessing cortical dysfunction through activities of daily living. St. Louis: Mosby Company; 1990.

  966. Heugten C van, Geusgens C. Toelichting bij ëErgotherapie richtlijn voor diagnostiek en behandeling van apraxie bij CVA patiÎntení. Amsterdam: Boom; 2010.

  967. Smania N, Aglioti SM, Girardi F, Tinazzi M, Fiaschi A, Cosentino A, et al. Rehabilitation of limb apraxia improves daily life activities in patients with stroke. Neurology. 2006;67(11):2050-2.

  968. Renzi E de, Motti F, Nichelli P. Imitating gestures. A quantitative approach to ideomotor apraxia. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(1):6-10.

  969. Barbieri C, Renzi E de. The executive and ideational components of apraxia. Cortex. 1988;24(4):535-43.

  970. Heugten CM van. Rehabilitation and management of apraxia after stroke. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2001;11(2):177-84.

  971. Donkervoort M, Dekker J, Ende E van den, Stehmann-Saris JC, Deelman BG. Prevalence of apraxia among patients with a first left hemisphere stroke in rehabilitation centres and nursing homes. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(2):130-6.

  972. Basso A, Capitani E, Della Sala S, Laiacona M, Spinnler H. Recovery from ideomotor apraxia. A study on acute stroke patients. Brain. 1987;110 (Pt 3):747-60.

  973. Smania N, Girardi F, Domenicali C, Lora E, Aglioti S. The rehabilitation of limb apraxia: a study in left-brain-damaged patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(4):379-88.

  974. Poole JL. Effect of apraxia on the ability to learn one-handed shoe tying. Occup Ther J Res. 1998;18(3):99-104.

  975. Goldenberg G, Hagman S. Therapy of activities of daily living in patients with apraxia. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1998;8(2):123-41.

  976. Mulder TW, Hochstenbach J, Kamsma Y. What cognitive rehabilitation may learn from motor control theory. In: Brouwer W, Zomeren E van, Berg I, Bouma A, Haan E de, editors. Cognitive rehabilitation A clinical neuropsychological approach. Amsterdam: Boom; 2002. p. 255-68.

  977. Trombly CA, Ma HI. A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, Part I: Restoration of roles, tasks, and activities. Am J Occup Ther. 2002;56(3):250-9.

  978. Zoltan B. Vision, perception and cognition: a manual for the evaluation and treatment of the adult with acquired brain injury. New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated; 1996.

  979. Heugten C van, GregÛrio GW, Wade D. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury: a systematic review of content of treatment. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2012;22(5):653-73.

  980. Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, Malec JF, Kalmar K, Fraas M, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(4):519-30.

  981. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Kalmar K, Langenbahn DM, Malec JF, Bergquist TF, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: recommendations for clinical practice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1596-615.

  982. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF, Langenbahn DM, Felicetti T, Kneipp S, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1681-92.

  983. West C, Bowen A, Hesketh A, Vail A. Interventions for motor apraxia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(1):CD004132.

  984. Geusgens C, Heugten C van, Donkervoort M, Ende E van den, Jolles J, Heuvel W van den. Transfer of training effects in stroke patients with apraxia: an exploratory study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2006;16(2):213-29.

  985. Jongbloed L, Morgan D. An investigation of involvement in leisure activities after a stroke. Am J Occup Ther. 1991;45(5):420-7.

  986. Drummond AE, Walker MF. A randomized controlled trial of leisure rehabilitation after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 1995;9(4):283-90.

  987. Drummond AE, Walker MF. Generalisation of the effects of leisure rehabilitation for stroke patients. Br J Occup Ther. 1996;59(7):330-4.

  988. Nour K, Desrosiers J, Gauthier P, Carbonneau H. Impact of a home leisure educadtional program for older adults who have had a stroke (Home Leisure Educational Program). Ther Recr J. 2002;36(1):48-64.

  989. Desrosiers J, Noreau L, Rochette A, Carbonneau H, Fontaine L, Viscogliosi C, et al. Effect of a home leisure education program after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(9):1095-100.

  990. Hochstenbach J. Rehabilitation is more than functional recovery. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(4):201-4.

  991. Douiri A, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Prevalence of poststroke cognitive impairment: South london stroke register 1995-2010. Stroke. 2013;44(1):138-45.

  992. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Stern Y, Paik M, Sano M, Bagiella E. Cognitive impairment after stroke: frequency, patterns, and relationship to functional abilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(2):202-7.

  993. Patel MD, Coshall C, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Cognitive impairment after stroke: clinical determinants and its associations with long-term stroke outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(4):700-6.

  994. Patel M, Coshall C, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Natural history of cognitive impairment after stroke and factors associated with its recovery. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(2):158-66.

  995. Hochstenbach J, Mulder T, Limbeek J van, Donders R, Schoonderwaldt H. Cognitive decline following stroke: a comprehensive study of cognitive decline following stroke. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20(4):503-17.

  996. Srikanth VK, Thrift AG, Saling MM, Anderson JF, Dewey HM, Macdonell RAL, et al. Increased risk of cognitive impairment 3 months after mild to moderate first-ever stroke: a community-based prospective study of nonaphasic English-speaking survivors. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1136-43.

  997. Hochstenbach J, Donders R, Mulder T, Limbeek J van, Schoonderwaldt H. Long-term outcome after stroke: a disability-orientated approach. Int J Rehabil Res. 1996;19(3):189-200.

  998. Verhoeven CL, Post MW, Schiemanck SK, Zandvoort MJ van, Vrancken PH, Heugten CM van. Is cognitive functioning 1 year poststroke related to quality of life domain? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;20(5):450-8.

  999. Wilson BA. Cognitive rehabilitation: how it is and how it might be. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(5):487-96.

  1000. Consortium Cognitieve Revalidatie. Richtlijn Cognitieve revalidatie niet-aangeboren hersenletsel. 2007.

  1001. Cappa SF, Benke T, Clarke S, Rossi B, Stemmer B, van Heugten CMs. Chapter 40: Cognitive Rehabilitation. In: Gilhus N, Barnes M, Brainin M, editors. European Handbook of Neurological Management. 1. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

  1002. Nair R dan, Lincoln N. Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18(3):CD002293.

  1003. Lincoln NB, Majid MJ, Weyman N. Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(4):CD002842.

  1004. Bowen A, Lincoln NB. Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;7:CD003586.

  1005. Zomeren AH van, Brouwen WH. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.

  1006. Malec J, Jones R, Rao N, Stubbs K. Video game practice effects on sustained attention in patients with craniocerebral trauma. Cogn Rehabil. 1984;2(4):18-23.

  1007. Niemann H, Ruff RM, Baser CA. Computer-assisted attention retraining in head-injured individuals: a controlled efficacy study of an outpatient program. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1990;58(6):811-7.

  1008. Sturm W, Willmes K. Efficacy of a reaction training on various attentional and cognitive functions in stroke patients. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1991;1(4):259-80.

  1009. Gray JM, Robertson I, Pentland B. Microcomputer-based attentional retraining after brain damage: A randomised group controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1992;2(2):97-115.

  1010. Novack TA, Caldwell SG, Duke LW, Bergquist TF, Gage RJ. Focused versus unstructured intervention for attention deficits after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(3):52-60.

  1011. Schˆttke H. Rehabilitation von Aufmerksamkeitsstˆrungen nach einem Schlaganfall ñ Effectivit‰t eines verhaltensmedizinisch-neuropsychologischen Aufmerksamkeitstrainings. Verhaltenstherapie. 1997;7(1):21-3.

  1012. Fasotti L, Kovacs F, Eling PATM, Brouwer WH. Time pressure management as a compensatory strategy training after closed head injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2000;10(1):47-65.

  1013. Sohlberg MM, McLaughlin KA, Pavese A, Heidrich A, Posner MI. Evaluation of attention process training and brain injury education in persons with acquired brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22(5):656-76.

  1014. Mazer BL, Sofer S, Korner-Bitensky N, Gelinas I, Hanley J, Wood-Dauphinee S. Effectiveness of a visual attention retraining program on the driving performance of clients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(4):541-50.

  1015. Barker-Collo SL, Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Parag V, Senior H, Rodgers A. Reducing attention deficits after stroke using attention process training: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2009;40(10):3293-8.

  1016. Winkens I, Heugten CM van, Wade DT, Fasotti L. Training patients in Time Pressure Management, a cognitive strategy for mental slowness. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(1):79-90.

  1017. Couillet J, Soury S, Lebornec G, Asloun S, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, et al. Rehabilitation of divided attention after severe traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2010;20(3):321-39.

  1018. Berg I, Deelman B. Geheugen. In: Deelman B, editor. Klinische neuropsychologie. Amsterdam: Boom; 1997.

  1019. Kerner MJ, Acker M. Computer delivery of memory retraining with head injured patients. Cogn Rehabil. 1985;3:26-31.

  1020. Ryan TV, Ruff RM. The efficacy of structured memory retraining in a group comparison of head trauma patients. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1988;3(2):165-79.

  1021. Berg IJ, Koning-Haanstra M, Deelman BG. Long-term effects of memory rehabilitation: a controlled study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1991;1(2):97-111.

  1022. Freeman MR, Mittenberg W, Dicowden M, Bat-Ami M. Executive and compensatory memory retraining in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1992;6(1):65-70.

  1023. Twum M, Parente R. Role of imagery and verbal labeling in the performance of paired associates tasks by persons with closed head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16(4):630-9.

  1024. Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Fahy JF, Whelan JP, Long CJ. Memory remediation after severe closed head injury: notebook training versus supportive therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1995;63(3):484-9.

  1025. Doornheim K, Haan EHF de. Cognitive training for memory deficits in stroke patients. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1998;8(4):393-400.

  1026. Ownsworth TL, McFarland K. Memory remediation in long-term acquired brain injury: two approaches in diary training. Brain Inj. 1999;13(8):605-26.

  1027. Rose FD, Brooks BM, Attree EA, Parslow DM, Leadbetter AG, McNeil JE, et al. A preliminary investigation into the use of virtual environments in memory retraining after vascular brain injury: indications for future strategy? Disabil Rehabil. 1999;21(12):548-54.

  1028. Kaschel R, DDella Sala S, Cantagalio A, Fahlbˆck A, Laaksonen R, Kazen M. Imagery mnemonics for the rehabilitation of memory: a randomised group controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2002;12(2):127-53.

  1029. Dou ZL, Man DW, Ou HN, Zheng JL, Tam SF. Computerized errorless learning-based memory rehabilitation for Chinese patients with brain injury: a preliminary quasi-experimental clinical design study. Brain Inj. 2006;20(3):219-25.

  1030. Hildebrandt H, Bussmann-Mork B, Schwendemann G. Group therapy for memory impaired patients: a partial remediation is possible. J Neurol. 2006;253(4):512-9.

  1031. Bourgeois MS, Lenius K, Turkstra L, Camp C. The effects of cognitive teletherapy on reported everyday memory behaviours of persons with chronic traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21(12):1245-57.

  1032. Thickpenny-Davis KL, Barker-Collo SL. Evaluation of a structured group format memory rehabilitation program for adults following brain injury. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2007;22(5):303-13.

  1033. Westerberg H, Jacobaeus H, Hirvikoski T, Clevberger P, Ostensson ML, Bartfai A, et al. Computerized working memory training after stroke - a pilot study. Brain Inj. 2007;21(1):21-9.

  1034. Heilman KM, Watson RT, Valenstein E. Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.

  1035. Weintraub S, Mesulam MM. Right cerebral dominance in spatial attention. Further evidence based on ipsilateral neglect. Arch Neurol. 1987;44(6):621-5.

  1036. Halligan PW, Burn JP, Marshall JC, Wade DT. Visuo-spatial neglect: qualitative differences and laterality of cerebral lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(11):1060-8.

  1037. Bowen A, McKenna K, Tallis RC. Reasons for variability in the reported rate of occurrence of unilateral spatial neglect after stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(6):1196-202.

  1038. Mesulam MM. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Ann Neurol. 1981;10(4):309-25.

  1039. Ferro JM. Left-thalamic neglect. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76(4):310-1.

  1040. Ferro JM, Kertesz A, Black SE. Subcortical neglect: quantitation, anatomy, and recovery. Neurology. 1987;37(9):1487-92.

  1041. Shelton PA, Bowers D, Heilman KM. Peripersonal and vertical neglect. Brain. 1990;113 ( Pt 1):191-205.

  1042. Soderback I, Bengtsson I, Ginsburg E, Ekholm J. Video feedback in occupational therapy: its effects in patients with neglect syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(12):1140-6.

  1043. Orfei MD, Robinson RG, Prigatano GP, Starkstein S, R¸sch N, Bria P, et al. Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: a systematic review of the literature. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 12):3075-90.

  1044. Herman R. Rehabilitation following brain damage: some neurophysiological mechanisms. Functional recovery in the visual and vestibular pathways. Int Rehabil Med. 1982;4(4):173-7.

  1045. Taylor MM, Schaeffer JN, Blumenthal FS, Grisell JL. Perceptual training in patients with left hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1971;52(4):163-9.

  1046. Weinberg J, Diller L, Gordon WA, Gerstman LJ, Lieberman A, Lakin P, et al. Visual scanning training effect on reading-related tasks in acquired right brain damage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1977;58(11):479-86.

  1047. Weinberg J, Diller L, Gordon WA, Gerstman LJ, Lieberman A, Lakin P, et al. Training sensory awareness and spatial organization in people with right brain damage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979;60(11):491-6.

  1048. Weinberg J, Piasetsky E, Diller L, Gordon W. Treating perceptual organization deficits in nonneglecting RBD stroke patients. Journal of clinical neuropsychology. 1982;4(1):59-75.

  1049. Lincoln NB, Whiting SE, Cockburn J, Bhavnani G. An evaluation of perceptual retraining. Int Rehabil Med. 1985;7(3):99-101.

  1050. Cottam GL. Visual scanning training for right hemispheric stroke patients exhibiting hemispatial neglect. Mississippi: University of Mississippi; 1987.

  1051. Rossi PW, Kheyfets S, Reding MJ. Fresnel prisms improve visual perception in stroke patients with homonymous hemianopia or unilateral visual neglect. Neurology. 1990;40(10):1597-9.

  1052. Robertson IH, Gray JM, Pentland B, Waite LJ. Microcomputer-based rehabilitation for unilateral left visual neglect: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(9):663-8.

  1053. Neistadt ME. Occupational therapy treatments for constructional deficits. Am J Occup Ther. 1992;46(2):141-8.

  1054. Antonucci G, Guariglia C, Judica A, Magnotti L, Paolucci S, Pizzamiglio L, et al. Effectiveness of neglect rehabilitation in a randomized group study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1995;17(3):383-9.

  1055. Fanthome Y, Lincoln N, Drummond A, Walker M. The treatment of visual neglect using feedback of eye movements: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 1995;17(8):413-7.

  1056. Kalra L, Perez I, Gupta S, Wittink M. The influence of visual neglect on stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 1997;28(7):1386-91.

  1057. Wiart L, Come AB, Debelleix X, Petit H, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, et al. Unilateral neglect syndrome rehabilitation by trunk rotation and scanning training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(4):424-9.

  1058. Kasten E, Wust S, Behrens-Baumann W, Sabel BA. Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness. Nature medicine. 1998;4(9):1083-7.

  1059. Dirette DK, Hinojosa J, Carnevale GJ. Comparison of remedial and compensatory interventions for adults with acquired brain injuries. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 1999;14(6):595-601.

  1060. Dirette DK, Hinojosa J. The effects of a compensatory intervention on processing deficits of adults with acquired brain injuries. Occup Ther J Res. 1999;19(4):224-40.

  1061. Edmans JA, Webster J, Lincoln NB. A comparison of two approaches in the treatment of perceptual problems after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(3):230-43.

  1062. Robertson IH, McMilian TM, MacLeod E, Edgeworth J, Brock D. Rehabilitation by limb activation training reduces left-sided motor impairment in unilateral neglect patients: a single-blind randomised control trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2002;12(5):439-54.

  1063. Rusconi ML, Meinecke C, Sbrissa P, Bernardini B. Different cognitive trainings in the rehabilitation of visuo-spatial neglect. Eura Medicophys. 2002;38(4):159-66.

  1064. Zeloni G, Farne A, Baccini M. Viewing less to see better. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(2):195-8.

  1065. Cherney LR, Halper AS, Papachronis D. Two approaches to treating unilateral neglect after right hemisphere stroke: a preliminary investigation. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003;9(4):22-33.

  1066. Poggel DA, Kasten E, Sabel BA. Attentional cueing improves vision restoration therapy in patients with visual field defects. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2069-76.

  1067. Katz N, Ring H, Naveh Y, Kizony R, Feintuch U, Weiss PL. Interactive virtual environment training for safe street crossing of right hemisphere stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(20):1235-43.

  1068. Luukkainen-Markkula R, Tarkka IM, Pitkanen K, Sivenius J, Hamalainen H. Rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect: A randomized study using either arm activation or visual scanning training. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2009;27(6):663-72.

  1069. Si Hyun K, Kim DK, Kyung Mook S, Kwang Nam C, Jin Yong Y, Sang Yoon S, et al. A computerized visual perception rehabilitation programme with interactive computer interface using motion tracking technology -- a randomized controlled, single-blinded, pilot clinical trial study. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(5):434-44.

  1070. Tsang MH, Sze KH, Fong KN. Occupational therapy treatment with right half-field eye-patching for patients with subacute stroke and unilateral neglect: a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(8):630-7.

  1071. Jacquin-Courtois S, Rode G, Pavani F, OíShea J, Giard MH, Boisson D, et al. Effect of prism adaptation on left dichotic listening deficit in neglect patients: glasses to hear better? Brain. 2010;133(3):895-908.

  1072. Young GC, Collins D, Hren M. Effect of pairing scanning training with block design training in the remediation of perceptual problems in left hemiplegics. Journal of clinical neuropsychology. 1983;5(3):201-12.

  1073. Niemeier JP, Cifu DX, Kishore R. The lighthouse strategy: Improving the functional status of patients with unilateral neglect after stroke and brain injury using a visual imagery intervention. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2001;8(2):10-8.

  1074. Brazzelli M, Saunders DH, Greig CA, Mead GE. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(11):CD003316.

  1075. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological science. 2003;14(2):125-30.

  1076. Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Hees L van. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(2):Cd005381.

  1077. Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2008;9(1):58-65.

  1078. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic medicine. 2010;72(3):239-52.

  1079. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson I, Scalf P, McAuley E, Cohen NJ, et al. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101(9):3316-21.

  1080. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Prakash R, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2006;61(11):1166-70.

  1081. Kandel R, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ. Principles of Neural Science. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2012.

  1082. Ekstrand J, Hellsten J, Tingstrom A. Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2008;442(3):203-7.

  1083. Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, Sosunov AA, Hen R, McKhann GM, et al. An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104(13):5638-43.

  1084. Trejo JL, Carro E, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2001;21(5):1628-34.

  1085. Lopez-Lopez C, LeRoith D, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101(26):9833-8.

  1086. Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140(3):823-33.

  1087. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. The European journal of neuroscience. 2004;20(10):2580-90.

  1088. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in neurosciences. 2002;25(6):295-301.

  1089. MacRae PG, Spirduso WW, Cartee GD, Farrar RP, Wilcox RE. Endurance training effects on striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding and striatal dopamine metabolite levels. Neurosci Lett. 1987;79(1-2):138-44.

  1090. Fordyce E, Farrar RP. Physical activity effects on hippocampal and parietal cortical cholinergic function and spatial learning in F344 rats. Behavioural brain research. 1991;43(2):115-23.

  1091. Heyn PC, Johnson KE, Kramer AF. Endurance and strength training outcomes on cognitively impaired and cognitively intact older adults: a meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12(6):401-9.

  1092. Hendriks HJM, Ettekoven H van, Reitsma E, Verhoeven ALJ, Wees J van der. Methode voor centrale richtlijnontwikkeling en implementatie in de fysiotherapie. Amersfoort: KNGF/NPi/CBO; 1998.

  1093. Hendriks HJM, Bekkering GE, Ettekoven H van, Brandsma JW, Wees J van der, Bie RA de. Development and implementation of national practice guidelines: A prospect for continuous quality improvement in physiotherapy. Introduction to the method of guideline development. Physiotherapy. 2000;86.